Indian Ban On Tobacco Advertisements - 1469 Words

INDIAN BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTS IN FAVOUR According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million in 1998. It is estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. Internal industry documents released in the United States, described 14 – 24 year olds as â€Å"tomorrow’s business†. However, a study on tobacco consumption and employment, showed that effective policies to reduce smoking were likely to increase, and not decrease employment. The reason for this was that when people stopped smoking, the money did not disappear from the economy. It was spent on other goods and services, which showed, were more labor intensive. This in turn produced more jobs. On February 6th, 2001 the Government of India (GOI) announced that it would in a short time table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. In view of the aforementioned, a study by the WHO concluded that, ‘the ban was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents’. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. In 1981, the Supreme Court (of Appeal) in Belgium ruled that the ban on tobacco advertising was notShow MoreRelatedBanning Tobacco Advertising Ban On The Public Health Of Their People976 Words   |  4 Pagesbanning Tobacco companies from displaying any source of advertising or sponsoring any public events. The advertising ban took effect from May 1, 2004. In October 2, 2005, the Government of India prohibited any new programs or movies from showing any actors or actresses smoking as it glorifies smoking and sends a bad message to its viewers. According to a CNN article written by Leo Juarez, some actors seem to support the smoking censorship but some film directors seem concerned that the ban might leadRead MoreEthical Challenges Of Tobacco Advertisements1170 Words   |  5 PagesETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 1 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements Poitier Stringer University of the People ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 2 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements The tobacco industry has long presented ethical challenges for governments that are tasked with looking after the public good. Tobacco producers have provided significant revenue for many economies, yet they specialize in the manufacturing and distributionRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Indian Government959 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Advertising was the hot topic it was in the late 90 s and early 2000 s, but it is still something we should strive to understand and functionally work with. The European Union and the United States have banned advertisements from television, while only the United States has banned tobacco advertising for sporting events. The Indian government had enacted an initiative to ban tobacco advertising in sporting events in 2001 to help curb the appeal of tobacco use in minors. The ethicalRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, anRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pages1. The Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedent s. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe CarmelRead MoreIndia s Government Should Ban Tobacco Advertisements900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of tobacco advertising, and weigh the merit of each opposing viewpoint on whether or not India’s government should ban tobacco advertisements. 1. Those vouching for the ban of tobacco advertisements in India say that doing so is not unconstitutional, as it is meant to guard health of the general public. They also advocate that the state has the right to step in, when the general interest of its civilians may be at possible risk. Additionally, it was said that the ban would not hinderRead MoreBan Of Ban On Tobacco988 Words   |  4 Pages Those in favor of the ban on tobacco advertisements and sponsoring of cultural and sporting events in India noted that they were not the first country to be taking these steps. In fact, many European countries had previously invoked bans on tobacco beginning decades before. In both Belgium and France the ban was deemed to be constitutional as the main motivator behind this ban was public health, and not necessarily the desire to stop the tobacco industry from partaking in trade. BeyondRead MoreBan On Tobacco By The Government Of India1078 Words   |  5 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO BY T HE GOVERMENT OF INDIA INTRODUCTION According to Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation â€Å"From an ethical standpoint, it would be wrong to try to cause people to take the risk of smoking. But even beyond the moral issue, for a product such as cigarettes well known to have serious health risks, it would be difficult even to understand how an advertising campaign could be devised to convince people to smoke. India s tobacco problem is very complex; the quote above depicts how ethicallyRead MoreThe Ban Of The Tobacco979 Words   |  4 PagesFor me tobacco is one of the useful but useless products that are consumed by some class of the human race in general. In the year 2001 the Government of India had announce an intention to lay an embargo on the advertisement of tobacco in the media in general, in-order to prevent luring the younger generation from getting involved in this act and also to arm the government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. After the declarations made by the government there is a negative uprisingRead MoreTobacco Advertising And The Indian Government997 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Advertising and the Indian Government An Analysis of the Case Study In February of 2001, India joined many developed nations in a long-held and ongoing debate; that of the ethical responsibility of government in regards to the advertising of tobacco products. By 2001 many other nations had already decided to either place bans on or strongly restrict the advertising of tobacco products in an attempt to curb usage and thereby avoid the ill health effects associated with the product. While the

Essay On Broken Family - 758 Words

1.3. Broken Family/Marital Breakdown/Family Breakup: A Broken Family consists of a biological family that has separated for specific reasons that may result in single parent families, step families or blended families. Concept of Broken Family: Marriage is a system of binding a man and woman together for the reproduction, care (physical/emotional), and socialization of offspring. Marriage is a social and legal contract between a couple and the state in which they reside that regulates their economic and sexual relationship. The divorce rate has been on the rise in Pakistan over the last decade. In Lahore city alone more than 100 divorces are registered in family courts in a day. The divorce rate is increasing not only in the upper†¦show more content†¦For it to be regarded as broken, children must be part of, since they are the ones who will sense the impacts of the break-up more than the parents. A family is entirely ruined if the segregation or divorce is done legitimately. As a relationship of couple ends in divorce or separation individual connected to their parents is the very first living soul who is extremely impacted. Most marriages of past were not marked by great happiness, but they were also not full of daily conflict. Modern marriages are different. As many analyst have commented. Contemporary marital unions are being asked to carry too large and emotional burden. Spouses expect more from each other than either can give happiness, fidelity, freedom, and even personal services. A divorce not only affects the couples own relationship, but it can also affect relationships within a large set of people who had previously considered themselves to be â€Å"in-laws†. Relationships between in laws are usually not very close, but where close relationships do develop they are often seen as worth continuing even if the marriage ends. There is an inverse relationship between income and marital breakdown: the lower the family income, the higher the rate of separation and divorce. Low income can place strain on the marital relationship. In poverty areas, expectations of marital success are lower, as the stigma attached to marital breakdown. Divorce hasShow MoreRelatedEssay On Broken Family1027 Words   |  5 Pagest a broken family has on juveniles. A broken family refers to a family that has gone through a separation, abandonment or divorce leaving the children with only one parent instead of the much needed two. In the beginning of a divorce parents tend to argue non-stop and just have a sense of despair around the household. Children around that type of atmosphere can get confused and blame themselves for such arguments and the overall unhappiness. When dealing with divorce the effects on the children varyRead MoreBroken Family Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesa stable childhood. A broken family will become a normal circumstance for that child and they may fall in the same trap later in life (WF—Lawyers np). Divorce can occur for many reasons, such as lack of commitment, constant arguments, and early marriage (WF—Lawyers np). These problems take a role in the majority of divorces, however, solving these major issues through fixing broken relationships has its benefits. Society, unfortunately, shows us that we mus t replace broken items rather than fix themRead MoreSummary Of Barbara Kingsolver s Stone Soup Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesFamily. What do you picture? Two married parents, their son and daughter, and maybe a dog, all living in a two story house in a nice suburban neighborhood. And who should blame you for picturing that? It’s been drilled into our minds all throughout our childhoods. Through our families, the tv, the books we read. But is this really all true? 50 percent of all marriages end in divorce and of that 50 percent, 46 percent are families. So why is this â€Å"perfect† family ideal so widespread? Author BarbaraRead MoreFamily Values1487 Words   |  6 Pages16  October  2014  Ã‚   Family  Value  and  Truth   Family  in  society  is  a  social  structure.  Family  plays  a  key  role  in  human  life  because  it  can  give   people  a  sense  of  home,  or  a  loving  and  supporti ve  group.  In  most  cases  when  people  think  of  families   they  think  of  having  a  mom,  dad,  brother,  sister.  Ã‚  However,  nothing  in  life  is  perfect.  Today,  we  have   separated  ,  same  sex,  extended,  and  blended  families.  Society  tries  to  explain  these  more  contemporary   families  but  has  a  harsh  way  of  doing  so.  In  the  essay,  Stone  SoupRead MoreAmy Tan s Mother Tongue1060 Words   |  5 Pages I was twelve years old when my family decided to move to America and I can still recall the memories when I left India. I was horrified. What worried me most was going to a new school where I would have to communicate in an unfamiliar language. I feared that other kids would look down upon me for my inability to speak English properly. However, in the essay â€Å"Mother Tongue†, the author Amy Tan gives a different, a more optimistic outlook on the various forms of English that immigrants speakRead MoreAmy Tan s Mother Tongue992 Words   |  4 PagesIn the essay â€Å"Mother Tongue† Amy Tan, the author, gives a different, a more upbeat outlook on the various forms of English that immigrants speak as they adapt to the American culture. Using simple language to develop her argument, she casually communicates to the audience rather than informing which helps the audience understand what is being presented at ease. Her mother plays an important role in her outlook of language, because she helps her realize that language not only allows one to be a partRead More Amy Tans Mother Tongue Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pages The Essay written by Amy Tan titled Mother Tongue concludes with her saying, I knew I had succeeded where I counted when my mother finished my book and gave her understandable verdict (39). The essay focuses on the prejudices of Amy and her mother. All her life, Amys mother has been looked down upon due to the fact that she did not speak proper English. Amy defends her mothers Broken English by the fact that she is Chinese and that the Simple English spoken in her family Has becomeRead MoreCold Blood1139 Words   |  5 PagesIn the non-fiction novel In Cold Blood, Truman Capote (1965) gives his own narrative of the Holcomb tragedy in which a family of four living out on a secluded farm were slaughtered with a shotgun by the collaboration of two individuals for a seemingly few dollars. In this novel, Capote gives a thorough character description of the two murderers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, as he recreates their experience (much as he sees it as it would be from their eyes ). He gives accounts preceding the eventRead MoreCan We Love Our Battering Father Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesCan We Love Our Battering Father? In the essay, â€Å"Can We Love Our Battering Fathers?† Helen H. Gordon, the author, creates a vivid image of hopelessness in the family; she brings the experience of her tormented life to the readers mind with reflective writing. This is a reflective essay because throughout this essay she is reflecting back and forth on her life as she chooses a card for father’s day. Throughout this essay she has discussed how negatively her father treated her, her siblingsRead MoreAnalytical Response to Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesBarbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† is a personal response to society’s view of the â€Å"broken† family. Kingsolver believes that society has for too long criticized divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, gay parents, and blended families, and that alternative families deserve equal standing in our society. In response to reading Kingsolver’s essay, this paper will serve to show which parts of â€Å"Stone Soup† are supported by outside evidence and which are not. â€Å"Stone

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 7 Free Essays

For a dance in the school gymnasium, the Spring Fling wasn’t bad. The walls were camouflaged with cheerful decorations and multicolored streamers. Twinkling lights hung from the ceiling like shooting stars. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basketball hoops were tied back and filled with bright, pungent flowers – primroses, tulips, and chrysanthemums – masking the smell of adolescent sweat. The gym had been completely transformed. As promised, Adam had matched his bow tie to Cassie’s pink halter dress perfectly. She fiddled with its knot now, straightening it solely as an excuse to touch him. â€Å"Would you get me a glass of punch?† she asked. â€Å"Or else I might have to start kissing you.† Adam grinned. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† Cassie stood alone for a moment and gazed around the gymnasium. Everyone from the Circle had come except for Faye and Laurel, and Melanie, who thought Laurel would need moral support being cooped up with Faye. Cassie thought about giving them a call to check in and see how they were doing, but then Nick appeared before her. â€Å"You look beautiful,† he said. He’d caught Cassie by surprise, so she laughed, embarrassed. â€Å"Thank you. You don’t look half bad yourself.† Nick stared down at himself, wearing his regular jeans, T-shirt, and leather jacket. â€Å"I didn’t really dress for the occasion,† he said. â€Å"But this is a clean shirt, so I guess that’s something.† Cassie laughed again and a sudden warmth came to her cheeks. â€Å"Do you feel like dancing?† Nick asked. Cassie hesitated. An air of mischief crept into Nick’s face. â€Å"I’m only asking because I know you, Cassie Blake, came here with a very specific mission to have some fun tonight. I couldn’t let you go home a failure.† â€Å"Then how could I possibly say no?† Cassie allowed Nick to lead her onto the dance floor. Whatever song the band was playing was loud and boisterous, nothing Cassie recognized, but it felt good to let her guard down and just enjoy the music – to enjoy the simple pleasure of being a girl at a dance. Nick skipped and bopped about trying to amuse her. She knew he actually hated dancing and that this was all for her benefit. Cassie appreciated the effort and followed his lead, synchronizing her steps to his until together they were making quite a scene. From the dance floor Cassie saw that Adam had returned with her punch, and Diana was behind him with a glass for herself. Nick dashed for them, took the cups from their hands to set them aside, and then pulled them onto the dance floor, too. Deborah and Suzan were quick to join in, and before Cassie knew it, Nick had single-handedly altered the energy of the whole group. They were all being silly, rambunctiously bumping into their classmates on the dance floor, infuriating them in the process. It made Cassie remember when she and Nick were together, and how sometimes his refusal to take anything seriously was just the thing she needed to get out of her own head and start having a good time. Then the music changed to a slow song – one of Cassie’s favorites. She looked at Adam, hoping he would ask her to dance, but she noticed his attention was elsewhere. He was watching someone. â€Å"Max is here,† he said. â€Å"Act natural.† â€Å"Whatever that means,† Nick mumbled under his breath. He turned around and cut through the crowd toward the punch bowl. Their merriment was nothing more than a lingering memory. â€Å"It’s supposed to be our night off,† Suzan said, pouting. â€Å"Remember? No policing tonight.† But Cassie knew it was only a matter of time before the Spring Fling became about Circle business, just like everything else. Come to think of it, she was surprised it had taken this long. The group dutifully exited the dance floor and gathered near the back wall. Max sauntered over to them with his usual air of confidence. He was dressed in a black shirt, black pants, and a necktie as brilliantly green as his eyes. â€Å"Hey,† he said, greeting Diana first, as always. â€Å"Is Faye around? I can’t find her.† â€Å"Didn’t she tell you?† Diana said. â€Å"Faye’s got a terrible cold.† â€Å"Oh,† Max said, disappointed. â€Å"No, I didn’t know. She hasn’t answered any of my calls.† When Max pouted, his features softened, bringing out the boyish charm to his face. Diana frowned sympathetically. â€Å"Don’t take it personally. She’s been knocked out on decongestants since yesterday. I bet she turned her phone off.† Cassie couldn’t tell if Max was buying Diana’s story or not. She thought he looked more confused than skeptical, but Diana must have sensed some suspicion in him because she didn’t stop there. â€Å"Just because Faye’s not here doesn’t mean your night should be ruined,† Diana said to him. Max cracked a sideways, hopeful smile. â€Å"Dance with me,† Diana said. And before Max could even react, she grabbed him by the arm and hurried him to the dance floor. The band was still playing a slow song, so Diana clasped her arms around the back of Max’s neck and let him hold her lower back. Max gazed into Diana’s eyes as if he couldn’t believe his good fortune. All his arrogance and swagger had given way to a sturdy modesty, and he held Diana with care. Faye was the furthest thing from his mind, Cassie was sure of that. â€Å"I know we want to keep an eye on Max,† Adam said. â€Å"But this is ridiculous.† Cassie noticed Adam’s jaw tighten as he watched the couple dance. Diana was laughing, squeezing Max close, having what appeared to be a pretty good time. Cassie wouldn’t dare say so to Adam, but she couldn’t help but sense Diana wasn’t thinking about the Circle anymore. A few minutes later, Chris, Doug, and Sean turned up at Cassie’s side. â€Å"Do you see what I see?† Chris asked, and Cassie followed his gaze to the opposite side of the gym. It was Mr. Boylan, standing with his arms crossed in a finely cut dark suit, his gaze locked on Max and Diana on the dance floor. â€Å"He looks like he’s about to kill someone,† Doug said. â€Å"What should we do?† Just then Mr. Boylan turned the other way and stormed out of the gym. â€Å"Follow him,† Cassie said. The three of them – Chris, Doug, and Sean – bolted toward the exit without a moment’s hesitation. Cassie saw from the look on his face that Adam was anxious to join them. â€Å"This is my chance to search Mr. Boylan’s office,† he said. â€Å"For his relic.† So much for a night off, Cassie thought. But if Adam could steal Boylan’s relic from him it would be the equivalent of robbing him of his power. He couldn’t perform the killing curse without it. Cassie grazed Adam’s cheek with her hand and nodded. â€Å"It’s a good idea, but you shouldn’t go alone. You’ll need a lookout.† â€Å"We’ll go,† Deborah said. She and Suzan stepped forward, a little too anxiously. â€Å"We’ve been itching for something interesting to happen all night. Or at least I have.† She acknowledged Suzan, who was still sulking about being pulled from the dance floor. â€Å"Be careful,† Cassie said, as if it were an order. She was still a Circle leader, after all. â€Å"I’ll keep an eye on Diana and Max.† Adam gave Cassie’s hand a squeeze and then took off. Deborah and Suzan followed him toward the hallway that led to Mr. Boylan’s office. Cassie allowed herself a moment to breathe, to remind herself that though everything was suddenly happening so fast, it was all under control. Her control. Then Nick materialized from the crowd with another glass of punch for Cassie. â€Å"I’m pretty sure it’s not spiked,† he said. â€Å"But at this rate I think we can both at least count on a sugar high.† Then he noticed the expression on Cassie’s face. â€Å"What’s going on?† His dark brown eyes darted back and forth. â€Å"Where is everyone?† â€Å"Chris, Doug, and Sean are tailing Boylan. Adam, Deborah, and Suzan are searching his office.† â€Å"I thought we were here to take it easy,† Nick said. â€Å"Change of plan.† Cassie scoped the gymnasium for Diana’s blond hair and Max’s broad shoulders, but they’d gotten lost in the swarm of students. â€Å"Do you see Diana anywhere?† Nick inspected every couple on the dance floor then shook his head. â€Å"It’s too crowded. But I have an idea.† He ran to the punch table and, to the dismay of the servers, climbed up on top of it for a better view. He scanned the room back and forth and then he froze in place. His sharp features turned deathly serious. â€Å"Cassie,† he whispered, and jumped down. But before he could utter another word, Cassie caught sight of a wild mane of dyed-red hair. It was no hallucination this time. No paranoia. Right in the center of the crowd was Scarlett. Nick looked ready to pounce, but he didn’t move a muscle. â€Å"She’s casting a spell,† he said. Scarlett’s arms were rigid at her sides and her eyes were as black as marbles. She was muttering something under her breath, obviously some kind of dark magic. â€Å"We have to get you out of here,† Nick said. â€Å"Right now!† Cassie was smart enough not to argue. She and Nick rushed toward the nearest exit, but suddenly everyone around them started to act odd. Their necks went soft and their heads drooped down. Their classmates had all fallen into a stupor. Nick shot a look at Cassie. â€Å"What the heck is going on?† He positioned himself between Cassie and the nearest group blocking the exit. Whatever Scarlett was doing seemed to be affecting everyone but Cassie and Nick. But it soon became clear that their classmates were simply collateral damage. With them out of the way, Scarlett now had a clear shot at her intended target. She redirected all her wicked mumbling straight at Cassie: Spirant ultimus spiritus Ultimus spiritus vitae Suddenly all the air rushed out of Cassie’s lungs and she couldn’t inhale any more in. It was like a clamp had fastened around her throat, blocking her breath. She brought her hands to her neck and turned to Nick. There was no breath to enable a scream. Nick ran to her as if it were a simple piece of food lodged in her throat, as if the Heimlich maneuver could save her – but there was nothing he could do. And with their stupefied classmates crowding every exit, there was no way to escape. Cassie’s head spun from the lack of oxygen. She reached out for Nick as she fell to the gymnasium floor. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 7, Essay examples

Howard Hughes Essay Example For Students

Howard Hughes Essay Howard Hughes-A Flying LifeHoward Robard Hughes was a very inventive, attention getting man. He was an out-spoken entrepreneur who was best known for his hard work and dedication in motion pictures and the aviation industry. His inherited fortune gave him the opportunity to start building on his dreams at an early age. Although Howard remained in the news his entire life he was not always looked on favorably in the publics eye. In later years his paranoia left him a recluse and in twenty years he had not been seen or photographed by the public. Howard was born on Christmas Eve 1904, in Houston, Texas. He was the only child of Howard Robard Hughes Senior and Alene Gano Hughes. His mother died when he was sixteen and his father died when he was 18. Howards childhood wasnt the greatest but in the end it turned out all right. He was orphaned and inherited $2,000,000 and Hughes Tool Company. His uncle was Hollywood writer Rupert Hughes. Howard took his first airplane ride when he was fourteen years old. We will write a custom essay on Howard Hughes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Howard Hughes attended private elementary and high school in California and Massachusetts. He attended the Rice Institute in Houston, Texas. He also attended the California Institute of Technology. Howard had a fine education because he attended highly educational schools. His fathers great fortune left Howard very wealthy. After his fathers death he was left an estate worth $871,000, and a patent for a drill. The drill was for oil drilling which made much money. In 1925 Howard got married to Ella Rice, he was twenty . He got divorced in 1928 and that same year he got his first pilots license. Howard had two careers that made him very successful in life. He started a company called Hughes Aircraft Company. The reason he started this was his love of aviation. In 1927 he started his career in acting. Some of his movies were Hells Angels; in 1930, Scarface; in 1932, and The Outlaw; in 1941. Howards great achievements broke records. His world speed record of 352 mph, in 1935 ended in a crash. It took him several tries to get that speed. On July 10, 1969 he and his crew took off to fly around the world. Even though he made several stops he was back home 4 days later, he landed at 2:37 on July 14. On July 7, 1946 he took the new XF-11 plane up for a spin. After about an hour he crashed at the LA Country Club golf course. The crash left him unconscious in a burning plane with a punctured lung, fractured leg and a bunch of cuts and burns. A Marine sergeant pulled Hughes out of the plane, and he was rushed to Beverly Hills Emergency Hospital. He was given a fifty percent chance to live. As he suffered with serious head and back injuries, he became addicted to painkillers. Hughes was constantly self- injecting morphine into his body. As the years passed he became irrationally paranoid. He surrounded himself with aides that he trusted; a group of seven Mormons which never left Howards side, and insisted that any item handed to him be covered by a Kleenex. Hughes had many projects he worked on such as the Spruce Goose.; It was the biggest plane ever built. With a wing span as long as a football field and room for six hundred plus passengers it was very famous. The Spruce Goose had e ight seventeen foot propellers and the interior looked like the set of the old Time Tunnel,; TV series. On November 2, 1945 in San Pedro Harbor the Spruce Goose flew but for only seventy yards. Hughes also built the worlds first communications satellite. His dream was that anyone on or about the earth could communicate with someone else. Arthur C. Clark first had this idea but never told anyone, Hughes did! By the mid 1960s Hughes and Clarks dream became a reality. Howard had many trophies, plaques and ribbons. In 1941 he won the Congressional Medal of Honor, and the Collier Trophy in 1959. He was also awarded the Harmon Trophy and New York City ticker tape after his world flight. Probably the most honored award just a few

Beano free essay sample

The cates have a distinctive layout ,,d style which is achieved through a combination of contempo? ry design and warm colors that give them a pleasant atmosphere. e cafes environment is characterized by simplicity, elegance, : eanliness, and a modern design. It is known as a place where ung people can gather and where people can enjoy an afford::0 e outing, listen to the latest musie, and use wireless Internet. Cafe, and from other smali, local cafes. Despite these concerns in 2000, Beanos opened its first cafe in Egypt, introducing new coffee products such as cappuccino and espresso to the Arabie market. Beanos wanted to increase its market share and target a new segment-senior citizens-along wit h maintaining and/or increasing its appeal to the youth segment, which represents the majority of its customers. The senior citizens represented the higher socio-economic class; however, Beanos discovered that young clients represented up to 70 percent of their daily clients. We will write a custom essay sample on Beano? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beanos Cafes higher management wanted to retain its satisfied clients while also increasing its share of the customer base. They therefore put together a new marketing strategy. REVISING THE MARKETING STRATEGY EY MARKET e creators of the Beanos Cafe Group had wanted to open a -ew coffee shop in Egypt for a long time but they saw problems .. ,entering the Egyptian market. They believed that the Egyptian oopulation would not be keen on coffee made from unfamiliar, -ew ingredients. The Egyptian market was locally driven toward ::Jr ental cates, Turkish coffee, and shisha (water pipe); thus, 3eanos marketing strategy was to introduce the Egyptian consurner to a new cafe experience. There was also fierce competi: on from other coffee shops, including Cilantro Cafe and Costa Beanos Cafes management team knew through customer surveys carried out in their chains that 60 percent of their customers keep coming back because of staff friendliness, 20 percent because of the quality of the service, and 20 percent because of the overall atmosphere at Beanos Cafe. The cafss new marketing strategy was divided into three parts: The first was 13 percent value (offering more for the same price). he second part was 17 percent quality (offering an affordable, quality cate experience, and improving the taste of the coffee), and the final part was 67 percent service (improving the face-to-face interaction with customers inside the cafe). Beanos placed the greatest emphasis on improving the level of customer service in its cafes. The company did this in a number of ways. First, management decided to speed up the serving process by allocating one minute for taking orders, seven minu tes to make the order, and a final one minute 244 Part Three I Designing a Customer-Driven Strategy and Mix modern cates were established in the Egyptian market; the focus was more on the local kahwa (Turkish/Arabic coffee), tea, and shisha. Beanos Cafe positioned itself as an affordable, modern cafe with a lively, entertaining environment. Beanos Cafes targeting approach became youth oriented. The cafe was representing a new approach to coffee, selling cappuccino and java solo drinks like espresso. Thus, the segmentation approach started to focus more on the youth differentiated segmentation market approach. As mentioned, the use of a kitchen provided the company with differentiation over the competition, however, Beanos also has a new advantage: It offers a creative art foam that is placed on top of the cappuccino. The consumers name or birth date can be written on a cappuccino cup or any picture can be drawn with the because the mafoam. Consumers can even do it themselves chines are manually operated. This level of personalization, allowed Beanos to differentiate itself from its competitors by offering its customers what they want and exceeding their expectations. By satisfying customers desires, Beanos sawa growth of the company and an increase in sales of its coffee products. III to give the table the bill. Therefore, the whole process took a very fast nine minutes. Beanos also improved its communication with customers by greeting them and paying attention to their needs. Beanos has an ultimate advantage that none of its competitors have-the kitchen. Having a kitchen allows Beanos to offer a larger menu selection. Customers can also ask for items not included in the menu or can modify their chosen item. These options are not available in most cates in the region and impress consumers. Having the advantage of a kitchen allowed Beanos to discontinue using ready-made food and instead making every meal to order, thereby differentiating itself from its closest competitor, Cilantro Cafe. This enabled customers to modify their orders. It also permitted customers to create new, customized products. Beanos is now able to forecast real quantities and therefore store essential, everyday ingredients, getting rid of unnecessary stock of less in demand products. This method turned out to be very efficient in their storage management. Becausecustomer service is such a high priority in the companys new marketing strategy, the marketing department conducted a new survey designed to improve customer service. It was executed through the cafes branch managers and administrated by a smali team from the research department. One of the most effective questions concerned what customers liked and disliked about Beanos Cafe. The survey revealed that customers liked the cafes service, atmosphere, and quick response; they did not like the company allowing some private celebrations to be held, nor did they always like the type of musie played in the cafes or the furniture. Beanos bega n to consider how to react to ali of these reported dislikes from its consumers, especially as the competition was rising with both Cilantro Cate and Costa Cafe, In addition, other new cates, such as On The Run Cafe in the Mobil Petroi Station, were improving their quality and pricing to an affordable level. Despite making these advances, Beanos had weaknesses to overcome. The cafes were not located in the main, central business streets in Egypt. These untapped areas of business opportunities prevented the company from increasing its market share. Cilantro, a competing cafe, employed successful promotional tools to spread its brand image in Egypt, including high-profile commercials. Beanos could not match the level of advertising in terms of budget and instead focused more on customer relationship management (CRM) and relationship marketing (RM) To this end, Beanos introduced a customer loyalty and smart card program that enabled customers to collect points for each separate order. The customer could then redeem the points and receive free products. Beanos also targeted ali customer segments by introducing a promotional Beanos points card. Customers pay for the cards, starting at 50 to 200 LE and use them whenever they wish. The cards turned out to be very effective for customers who are entertaining friends and for family outings. Another area that Beanos needs to improve upon involves making the cate more family friendly-an area where Cilantro is excelling. Cilantro Cafe provides coloring books and crayons for children, encouraging families to spend more time in the cafes and thus increasing business from this particular market segment. OELlVERING ON CUSTOMER SERVICE As customer service featured 50 prominantly in their marketing strategy, Beanos had to ensure that once a high level of service was achieved it was also maintained. One strategy put in place aimed at achieving this was mystery shoppers, who visited different branches to monitor and evaluate the service they receive ano the quality of the cafes products. Among other things, they note how fast and responsive the staff members are and whether the deliver on time. The mystery shopper, a regular customer chose by the branch manager, also evaluates the quality of the coffee served, the food, the environment, the speed and care of sta and the cleanliness of the facility, including the bathrooms. RESPONOING TO THE CUSTOMER As previously mentioned, market research carried out by the company indicated that customers did not like waiting in some of the Beanos Cafe chains and did not like its prices. Its response to the problems was to put more tables in the crowded location: and to reduce prices for some popular, existing products, wh E increasing prices for newly introduced products. Customers ais disliked the musie, which did not change over the course o~ the day, and at the various locations, some said the cafcs playec the same musie for each branch in every vi sit. Manaqemec: responded by introducing new musie every couple of hours in Ci chains. To improve the brand image of Beanos, the company also OEcided to redesign the cafes logo, making it more attractive to c 5tomers. More money is also being spent on advertising for ne and existing products. Most of the advertising appears in prin ec materials to be displayed in cate branches to motivate COnSUrTE purchase of the newly launched products. BEANOS CAFES MARKETING MIX SEGMENTATION In the beginning, Beanos Cafe focused on appealing to the whole Egyptian market, especially young people. The first focus for the company was to create brand awareness, as people did not understand the word Beanos. So,the cafe owners added the word cafealittle modification that solved the issue. At that time, not a lot of Beanos Cafes marketing mix begins by developing new produ _ by studying consumers needs, and then developing and crea ~~ a strong brand. Beanos Cafes distinctive design and pleasan c-mosphere are the first components in its unique dining experien ~ Market research indicates that the brands most distinguishing E::ture is the companys use of the vibrant orange color for all ad Etising. The company also stands out because it is the only local cc== Chapter 7 I Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy: Creating Value for Target Customers Smart pricing, reviewed from a consumer perspective . Updated produet lists wit h new menu offerings. 245 :~ers desserts, which are prepared by La Poire. According to 3es market research, 21 percent of customers indicated that =-:e-: was the most prominent feature of the cafe. :==1105is putting great efforts in establishing new branches : :cpping newareas, bot h local and international. The new 10=Eas are Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada El Gouna Resorts, and, =~ationally, Paris, France. e company advertises its existing products, but in only a few =:=5: FM radio, on the October Industria I City bridge, and in 2;azines. For the Cafes new products, it relies only on banners nt of the chain. The focus of Beanos Cafes advertising and _+otion is primarily on the youth segment (ages 18 to 25). The -:-::gt;any is collaborating with the advertising agency Adhoc, ::n is spearheading the marketing campaign. The agency has 3~ed out market esearch and has also designed and imple-=-~ed promotions. The company also collaborates with White ::_0 o, a full-service design studio that offers creative, profes_-al graphic designs and development services in order to deliver = oest image of the brand to customers. White Studio designed -= companys brochures, logos, ads, and flyers. -or its principal advertising campaign, Beanos used Nugoom , 104. 2 FM), and Nile FM (100. 6 FM), presenting cr eative ads a: would catch listeners attention because of their humor, :-unds, and clever use of musie. The company made extensive use ::-= orint media resources, including magazines (Teen Stuff, Sayyedaty, =oer alnugum, Laha) and newspapers (Alahram, Alahbar, Almasr :: oum, Almussauar). Ali were very effective media in building . set and usage imagery. Beanos created its advertising in a simple . ay by featuring its logo and photos of its cafes to build brand s. vareness and invite ali potential customers in for a visit. The -::Uthful, non-intrusive ads generated a positive response from the :cget audience and collectively helped to expand the cafes brand age in the market. The ads also give customers an opportunity :0 receive unique offers, making them memorable and meaningz: . II. Each month, the cafe introduces a new special offer; for example, in December 2009, it offered a special on American coffee  ·. th chocolate fudge, and at the beginning of 2010, caramel 1acchiato with a muffin. Those offers are the unique invention of 3eanos Cafe and are not offered in other cafes in Egypt. The ofer of the month is always supported with printed brochures, oosters. nd other ads that allow customers to get familiar with tne latest promotions. .z; Better hiring and training programs to ensure a capable staff who deliver more than what is expected. Better quality coffee: People are happy to go to Beanos but respond negatively to the quality of coffee. By offering better coffee, the company will be able to compete wit h the 10cal, classie Arabicffurkish coffee shops. By offering new, modern European flavors, Beanos will also be able to compete with the internat ional chains (such as Starbucks) entering the market. According to Beanos Cafes previously mentioned market research, the main source of the information about the brand was Beanos itself, and then the information obtained from its customers. Research indicates that there is still a performance gap in advertising activities that the company should explore and take advantage of in the future. Its future marketing approaches should also concentrate on e-marketing via YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, MSN, Google, online radio, digital radio, e-mail marketing, mobile phone advertising, Yahoo online display banners, satellite TV channels, PRand sponsorship of cultural events and musical concerts. Questions for Oiscussion 1. Based on the segmentation variabies, how is Beanos Cafe now segmenting and targeting the coffee market? 2. Discuss how Beanos positioned itself in the Egyptian local market. Also explain how Beanos differentiated itself from the competition. 3. What changed first, the Beanos customer or the Beanos Cafe experience? Explain your response by discussing principles of market targeting. 4. Briefly outline a marketing campaign targeting a new segment for Beanos Cafe. Sources: Adapted fram Haddad, The Marketing Excellence Handbook, BUE British University Egypt, Dar El Fekr El Arabi Publications (2008); Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. (2010), Ptlnciples of Marketing, 13th edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall; Grewal Levy (2010), Marketing, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill; William Pride, O. C. Ferrell (2010), Marketing, Cengage Learning; Adcock, D. , Halborg, A. , Ross, c. (2000), Marketing Princip/es and Practice, 4th edition, FT/Prentice Hall; Blythe, J. (2005) Essentia/s of Marketing, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall/FT; Brassington, F. Pettit, 5. (2005), Princip/es of Marketing, Prentice Hall/FT; Dibb, 5, Simkin. L. , Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. C. (2001), Marketing: Concepts and Strategies, 4th edition, Houghton Mifflin. FUTURE STRATEGIES As Beanos develops and looks to the future, it has identified areas where it needs to improve to continue and build upon its success: o Continued development in terms of the cafes atmosphere, pricing, produet, and staff. Increased investment in the branches and the equipment to enhance the atmosphere.

Pricing The Sneaker Pricing Wars (Adidas

Pricing The Sneaker Pricing Wars (Adidas Introduction Price is a very essential aspect in every business as it is the fundamental determinant of the profit to be achieved after the sale of a commodity or service and therefore influences the success or failure level of the business. Pricing is the process of determining the cost of a product or a service so as to identify what a business will obtain in exchange of its products or services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pricing: The Sneaker Pricing Wars (Adidas-Nike) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is one of the components of the marketing mix, the other ones being; product, place, and promotion. The factors associated with pricing are; the production cost, competition, the market place and condition, and also the quality of the product or service. Value of the product towards the customers should also be considered in determining a price to ensure that the customers pay what is equivalent to t he value gained (Pratt, n.d). Pricing Strategy According to Phillips (2005), pricing strategy is a logical choice from a list of alternative prices that seeks to maximize profit within a specific period of time under a certain situation. There are various approaches that can be adopted by companies or businesses in pricing their goods and services and there is no single model identified for the purpose of pricing. However, every pricing strategy should seek to maintain fairness and integrity throughout the pricing process. Here is a guideline on how a company may undertake its pricing process. The company or business should undertake a marketing strategy which involves carrying out a marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the product in relation to its quality and that of other products in the market. Decision on the market mix is then made where the definition of the product or service is done, and distribution and promotion strategies identified. The other step involves analyzing the demand curve as pricing is directly affected by the prices of the particular products. Calculation of cost is also crucial and the company should put into consideration all costs associated with the product, the fixed and variable costs, so as to make sure that profitability is achieved. The surroundings factors like competition and legal conditions should be considered too. In pricing the product, a business should assess the influence of its pricing towards the pricing of competitors. The price should be in line with that of competitors to avoid unhealthy competition and should also adhere to price control aspects of the government. The business should also establish pricing objectives so as to come up with the most favorable price of the product.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The objectives may touch on aspects like maximi zation of profits, revenue, quantity and quality of the product among others. It is after consideration of all the above that that the price is agreed upon. Classification of Pricing Strategies Pricing strategies can broadly be categorized according to the business objectives and consumer distinctiveness. On the basis of business objectives, there is differential pricing which entails selling a product at different prices to different consumers, competitive pricing where prices set aims at exploiting the competitive position and product line pricing that involves selling related products at prices that maximize reciprocated dependency. In regard to the characteristics of the customers, their uniqueness is identified and pricing based on it. There are those customers that are ignorant of where they can locate the products they require and may buy from any place to avoid wastage of time in tracing the best suppliers at affordable prices. Some consumers are however very sensitive on co st issues and would rather take a lot of time looking for a business that offer the product at the lowest price than buying the commodity at a convenient place but at a higher cost. The last categories of consumers consist of consumers that may incur extra costs and risks for example transportation cost and investment costs (Phillips, 2005). Methods Used In Pricing Different businesses adopt different pricing methods depending on the particular situations and the expected or desired results. The common pricing methods are; psychological pricing which aims at evoking a customer’s emotional rather than rational decision on buying a product by setting the price just a little bit lower than those of competitors for example a shoe worth 20 dollars may be priced at 19.99 dollars. P rice skimming involves a business setting the price of its products higher than that of competitors especially when the business has a competitive advantage though the price usually lowers after many com petitors come in and lower their prices. Economy pricing entails keeping the production and marketing cost at a minimum.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pricing: The Sneaker Pricing Wars (Adidas-Nike) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Penetration pricing is achieved by introducing the new products at a relatively low price to capture customers’ attention after which the prices of the commodities go up but the business still retains the customers. Premium pricing on the other hand entails charging a high price where the products involved are unique in nature thus giving the business a competitive advantage over the others (Dean, n.d). Customers Customers are a very important element in any form of business for the reason that there cannot be a business transaction in the absence of customers. They are the reason for the production of goods and services without which no business could take place. Busine sses should therefore put the consumer in mind when undertaking any process concerning goods and services from production to final sale not forgetting pricing. It is for this reason that the business should at all cost invest in determining what best suits the customers and try satisfying their needs by providing the value they require. When the customers are served well they develop loyalty towards the business and may be willing to do any good deed on it’s behave for example doing some marketing by inviting other consumers to the business. Poor or lack of satisfaction of consumers on the other hand leads to lack of trust on the company and may lead to loss of many customers (Hoek and Evans, 2005). Pricing War A price war can be defined as an unhealthy competition whereby competitors seek to increase their market share by lowering the prices of their products and services. There usually exist pricing wars whenever there is a new introduction of products in the market. This i s usually so because the products are introduced at a relatively low price and this is not received in appreciation by the existing competitors as they see the business as a threat on the grounds that it may take customers from them. This forces the other businesses offering the same product to cut down their prices hence reducing their profit margins. Another version is where a new business offers similar products and services but which posses some unique features at a price higher than the existing competitors. This will attract a large pool of customers because of the competitive advantage associated with the products and the business at large. This is perceived negatively by the other existing businesses and they may react by also raising their prices to attain much profit.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This however affects them negatively as the possibility of loosing their customers due to switching costs is too high while the possibility of the new business retaining its customers is high as the prices, though high, do not increase. Switching costs in the market leads to price wars and may subsequently lead to limitation in pricing options. Another cause of a price war is the existence of consumers who do not have a specific business from where they buy their products and services. The consumers are therefore swayed by many factors and lowering of prices by one business may attract and capture them and if well served and satisfied, they can continue to be customers to the particular business entity. Deviation of customers from the market and introduction of new customers also lead to price wars. Some customers may also feel deceived when there are switching costs as they expect that the low costs at the entry of the business will be maintained even in future and so raising of th e prices result in price wars (Klemperer, 1989). Adidas versus Nike Pricing War Nike is the world’s biggest shoe company in regard to its market share and investment on capital. Nike is involved with the manufacture and marketing of athletic shoes, casual footwear, and other sports accessories and equipment. It was founded by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. Adidas is the second largest in the world, after Nike. Nike and Adidas have for long led in the shoe industry because of the quality of their products, brand names, and image. There has been however war between these two companies over advertising and superstar support agreements. The war can for example be seen clearly in regard to the 2010 world cup through their sales and influence. Before the world cup, the Nike Company made better sales of soccer shoes than Adidas did. This was brought about by the influence of the advertisement by Nike which read; write the future. This influenced a lot of soccer fans and consequently increased the sales of the Nike soccer shoes. When the world cup commenced, Adidas sales went higher than the sales made by Nike. This was due to the domineering aspect of Adidas as it occupied the billboards in the football field attracting all the attention to it. Success in the sales of the soccer shoes also followed Adidas as it supported Spain which had many funs due to its good performance. Adidas and Nike compete in production of quality products. Adidas seem to be fast to meet demands of various teams especially soccer in regard to sports facilities, for example, the Major League soccer relies on Adidas for its supplies. It has gained competitive advantage because of its popularity in producing unique footwear for different sports especially soccer and most countries make use of Adidas footwear. Nike is also popular and its brand name has been known for ages in the world of sports. Its popularity has also been drawn from its support for various sports teams and athlete grou ps all over the world. Nike has particularly gained much favor accrued to its latest design of the Mercurial Vapor, which is the lightest shoe that is efficient in enhancing speed and reducing friction. There has been stiff competition between Nike and Adidas with each struggling to outdo the other. The major guiding principles are; attitude, this is the view and affiliation people feel towards either Nike or Adidas. Quality is also a contributing factor as people usually value the quality of the products they purchase. Competitive advantage is as well a key element for example Nike has been recognized for being the best in basketball shoes while Adidas is known for better football shoes though not all. Pricing is also a very critical element in determining the success of the companies. It influences the consumers in making their final decisions about purchase of various products produced by different companies. The pricing strategies adopted by the Nike and Adidas companies are a c ontributing factor towards the sales they make as price is directly dependent on demand. When one company reduces its shoes prices and still retains the quality it is likely to attract more customers than the other. This will cause pricing war between the two as the other one will be forced to lower its prices so as not to lose its customers to the other. Nike for example is expected to launch low-priced products following its defeat by Adidas in the 2010 world cup. The lowering of prices is aimed at attracting many customers toward its variety of footwear, equipment, and accessories. This will also enhance its positioning in the market. This is a form of price war and although it will attract many customers, it may lower its profitability margins. Nike also employs strong marketing strategies that helps keep its brand name and image high through gaining trust and loyalty of the consumers (Anonymous, 2010). Dealing with Price War Since price war is a negative impact especially to bu sinesses, certain strategies should be employed to curb the effects of price war. They include; anticipating the reactions of the competitors; one should asses how the competitors may react if he/ she lowers the products’ prices as this will definitely affect the sales and the profit to be made. Another step is giving some indications to the competitors that there may be price changes to alert them and make them aware of your intention in adjusting the prices. A business should also try to construct unique price structures to reduce the likelihood of consumers comparing terms (Rao, Bergen Scott, 2000). Conclusion Pricing is an important aspect in the business sector and care should be taken in making any pricing decisions. The customer should be the focus and the price should directly reflect the value accrued to the product or service provided. Price war is a phenomenon that occurs when businesses wish to increase their market share at the expense of lowering their profit m argin. It should however be avoided since it is to the disadvantage of the business as it reduces their profits though to some extent is an advantage to the consumers as they can buy products at cheaper prices. Reference List Anonymous, (2010). Heated War Between Nike Air Max 2010 And Adidas Begin From World Cup. Web. Dean, J. (n.d). Pricing Policies for New Products; Pricing Strategy. Web. Hoek, V.R., Evans, D. (2005). When Good Customers Are Bad. Harvard: Harvard business school publishing. Klemperer, P. (1989). Price wars caused by switching costs. Review of economic studies Vol. 56, 406-420. Phillips, L.R. (2005). Pricing and Revenue Optimization. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Pratt, A. (n.d). The Price Is Right (or is it?). New York: Director Publications ltd. Rao, A. R., Bergen M, E., Scott, D. (2000). How to Fight a Price War: Analyzing the Battleground. Web.

International Perspectives In Organisations Literature review

International Perspectives In Organisations - Literature review Example Besides, the authors refer to institutional legitimacy and explains that there is moral legitimacy that is relevant to the international business though there has been little attention given to the subject. Besides, the article refers to Rawls and human rights cosmopolitan theoretical models to explain the moral obligations of businesses. The notion of the research is that little attention has been given to the extent to which international businesses are responsible for the well-being of the society. The first notion is that business corporations are the agents of international justice. Secondly, the article recommends that the legitimacy of the global governance institutions as well that of the corporations is distinct implying that they exercise different levels of control in the international business arena. The third notion or argument is that the proposed democratic and deliberative model of the political Corporate Social Responsibility is actually unsatisfactory. The final notion is that the Rawlsian theory does not provide the accounts under which corporations are obligated to ensure global justice. On the other hand, the article defends the integration of CRS into business operations. As from the first notion, it is evident that businesses are obligated to ensure that the operations in foreign countries result in fairness to the surrounding communities by providing necessary benefits to them. Besides, legitimacy is a huge concern for international businesses because they operate in multicultural and political environments. As with CSR, the approach is the only way of ensuring that a business engages in sound operations that benefit the community. However, the article finds some limitations to Rawlsians theory of holding businesses accountable for their actions. From the title, the article successfully explores a new topic on the responsibility of international business

West African and African American Cultures - Before and After Assignment

West African and African American Cultures - Before and After Emancipation - Assignment Example Emancipation of the African Americans in 1863, their struggle for equality and citizenship resulted in their assimilating some aspects of American culture while retaining their original heritage to a small extent. Africa was the home of â€Å"people with different languages, traditions, histories, and religions''. The diversity of cultures was evident in the different types of group structures they lived in: some in ancient kingdoms such as those in the oldest of recorded history, and others in small family groups. Some of their societies had men leaders, and others had women as chiefs. The Gods they worshipped were of different forms, and some believed in one, while others in numerous Gods. People from all religions, Muslims, Christians, and others, whether they lived in towns or villages, participated in world affairs, taking central roles in them. Egyptians achieved great development in medicine, language and architecture, which had a significant impact on Greek and Roman culture. Millions of Africans were shipped to America between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries to work as slaves in the plantations, in the construction of towns and cities, as domestic help and for various menial jobs. The African American’s perspectives regarding the meaning and significance of Africa remains unclear; thereby affecting the identity problems of black people in America. The western stereotypical view of Africa as a land of wild people and wild animals affects the way African Americans think about Africa. The white disparagement of Africa was mainly to support imperialist interests and to rationalize â€Å"slavery and oppression of the descendants of Africa in their land of captivity†.

Tempur Pedic Quality Process Improvement Plan Essay

Tempur Pedic Quality Process Improvement Plan - Essay Example As Hill writes, "top management determines quality priorities, establishes the systems of quality, management and the procedures to be followed, provides resources and leads by example" (Hill, 1991). The concept emerged from the work in statistical quality control at the Western Electric Hawthorne plant in the 1930s and was associated with the work of W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran (Chase, Jacobs, 2003). It was introduced to Japan by the Americans as the occupying force in the immediate post war era and found its greatest expression in Japanese manufacturing industry. Literature review. Two themes in the research literature have been particularly prominent in recent years: "the ways of improvement" as a source of service planning and the debate over the different methods and models of successful production technoques. Up-to-date scholarship on both of these themes is reflected in recent researches R.B. Chase, R.F. Jacobs (2003), N. Slack, S. Chambers, R. Johnston (2003), D. Dow (1999), etc. In their works these authors develop a new theoretical approach which can be applied to practice. The works they provide a lot of example of management teams and their experience in TQM. These researches join theoretical and practical side of strategy, giving recommendations for improvement in the TQM to ensure customer satisfaction. "Production and A big layer of literature concerning this topic belongs to such gurus as T. Hill "Production and Operation Management: Text and cases" (1991), N. D. Harris "Service Operations Management" (1989). Their theoretical studies on improvements based on TQM, sustainable competitive advantage, the role of standards, etc, are still the basis of any research in the field of production and operations management. They examine and discuss the role of different companies for product and service improvement can successfully use TQM. Internal factors. Monitoring of the environment is an important method that helps to search for new trends in operations management. Managers should take into account internal and external factors that influence a potential consumer. The policy of implement restructing sooner rather than later was proved to be correct. There is no two cuctomers with the similar requiments, that is why operations management must respond to different customer needs. Factors Internal to a company are types of workers, organization structure, assumptions about people, technology, vision, mission and values of the firm, n ature of ow nership and management. Tempur Pedic is a Swedish Company which manufactures and distributes mattresses and pillows made from its proprietary "Tempur" pressure-relieving material. This material consists of a visco-elastic material that conforms to the body to provide support and help alleviate pressure points.The company operates in 60 countries around the world. In a time of rapidly changing technologies and ever-shorter product life cycles, product development often proceeds at a glacial pace. In an age of the customer, order fulfillment has high error rates and customer enquiries go unanswered for weeks. In a period when asset utilization is critical, inventory levels exceed many months of demand. The usual methods of boosting performance - process rationalization and automation - haven't yielded the dramatic improvements for Tempur Pedic Company need. In particular, heavy

Power subsystem Microsatellite

Power subsystem Microsatellite This subsystem is responsible for supplying power to the entire satellite, converting solar cell energy to on-board battery energy, and distributing power to various other subsystems. The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for a remote sensing mission to carry out on sun-synchronous orbits at 700 km altitude at an inclination of 98.19 degrees. The payload of the microsatellite includes a multispectral remote sensing camera which takes picture of polar region in a visible spectrum and a surrey GPS receiver especially designed for low earth orbit. Microsatellite payload weighs 5 kg and with a mean power consumption of 9W. Sub-system power budget is estimated according to the payload power requirement with 15 percent margin. Total estimated power requirement for the microsatellite is 70W. Microsatellite subsystem Power Allocation :- End Of Life Estimated Microsatellite Power 70 W Subsystem % of Operating Power Power (W) Payload 15 10.5 LSTS Bus Propulsion 0 0 Thermal Control 10 7 Attitude Control 15 10.5 Power 15 10.5 Communications 20 14 C D Handling 10 7 Structure 0 0 Margin 15 10.5 Total 100 70 The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for Low Earth Orbit for five years period. The power estimated for subsystem has a 15% contingency margin. Primary power source for the satellite is the solar array that is body mounted on the microsatellite. The satellite is in near polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 km, total orbital period of the satellite is 98.77 min. The microsatellite experience eclipse for about 35.29 min. Solar array for the microsatellite is designed according to the mission requirement. Batteries are secondary power source during the eclipse when no sun light is available. The selection of the solar cell and batteries are made according to power required end of life of the satellite and trade study between different solar cell and batteries but decision is made to satisfy the estimated mass size and power budget of the satellite. As the satellite is a cube shaped and spins stabilized body mounted solar panels to places on all the four sid es of the satellite for a uninterrupted supply of power to the subsystems. Altitude 700.00 km Earths Radius 6,378.00 km Total Power Requirement (const. day and night) 70.00 Watts Earths Gravitational Constant 3,98,600.00 km2/s2 Power transfer efficiencies:- Xd 0.85 Xe 0.75 Inherent Degradation Id 0.80 Worst Case(ÃŽ ¸ deg) 23.00 (deg) Mission Life (yrs) 5.00 (Yrs) Life time Degradation (Ld) 0.98 Angle ÃŽ ± (rad) 1.12 (rad) Angle ÃŽ ± (deg) 64.30 (deg) Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 (sec) Maximum Eclipse Peroid (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 (sec) Minimum Power Sunlight (Td) (sec) 3,809.12 (Sec) Average Solar array power (Psa) (W) 134.23 W Multijunction Solar (GainP/GaAs) Po 301.00 W/m2 BOL Power (Pbol) 221.66 W/m2 EOL Power Requirement (Peol) 216.17 W/m2 Solar array Area (m2) 0.62 m2 Mass of Solar Array (kg) 3.36 kg Solar array weight ( body mounted so Msa x 4 ) 13.42 kg The primary power source of the microsatellite is chosen to be Multijunction Solar cells (GainP/GaAs). These solar cells have an efficiency of 23 percent and most advanced for their category. The required solar panel area of the microsatellite to sufficiently support the power requirement of the microsatellite subsystem is 0.62 m2 but for a body mounted microsatellite, all the four faces of the cube shaped satellite will have the following area. The estimated weight of the solar panels is 3.4 kg and the total weight of all the panels on the satellite is 13.5 kg. The main advantage of the body mounted solar panels is such that they have more life expectancy as they are not exposed to radiation for a long time, but it is compensated with the additional weight of the solar panels. The primary power source should be able to generate 135 Watts of power to sustain the power requirement of the subsystems as well as enough to charge the batteries as they are the secondary power source of the mission. For Given Ni H cell Assuming Data for 700 km altitude Energy Density 100.00 W.h/kg DOD 1.60 0.27 log10 [cycles] Power during Eclipse 70.00 W Altitude 700.00 km Battery Voltage 28.00 Volts Xb-l 0.90 No .of eclipes per day 15.00 5 year Mission Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 Sec Time of Night (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 Sec Eb (energy supplied during eclipse) (W.h) 45.74 W.h Cycles 26,607.25 Depth Of Discharge (DOD) 0.41 1a)Ebcap (energy battery capacity required) (W.h) 112.87 W.h 1b) Battery Capacity (A.h)(assuming voltage is 28 v) 4.03 A.h 2. Total Battery Mass (kg) 1.13 Kg The secondary power source is required to generate power during eclipse in the orbit to sustain microsatellite subsystems. The secondary power source for the mission is chosen to be NiH batteries as they are good for long cycle life and they have advantage of mass and volume over most of the current batteries available. They have good specific energy density of 50 W.hr/kg. The main advantage of these batteries is such that they are widely used in space mission and constantly updated with new technologies. They have depth of discharge of 40% that is good for this kind of mission. Total secondary power source weight is 2.3 kg. (((((((((( References SMAD and System Integration Aegis)))))))) Communication subsystem The communications subsystem is the lead for the interface between the satellites and the ground stations. The communications subsystem helps in demodulating the received uplink signals and transmitting downlink signals .The subsystem also helps us to maintain a track over the satellite by transmitting received range tones and by acting as logic between receive and transmitted signals. Data Rate The remote sensing microsatellite is designed for a Low Earth orbit at an altitude of 700 km. The payload of the satellite is a multispectral camera that takes picture of the poles in visible spectrum. The 20 degrees minimum elevation angle and a resolution of 50 is assumed for the satellite and the data rate is calculated for the satellite. Altitude (km) 700.00 Radius of Earth (km) 6378.14 Orbit Peroid (mins) 98.77 Ground Velocity ( km/s) 6.76 Node Shift (∆L = S) (deg) 24.76 ÃŽ µ (deg) 20.00 ÃŽ · (deg) 57.86 Zc 27818.52 Za 133.06 Z 3701467.63 DR (Visible)(bps) 37014676.33 Maximum Time in View (min) 6.66 The data rate calculated is 37Mbps adding 10 percent margin data required to send back to ground station is estimated to 40Mbps. Band Link Technology For the current microsatellite mission an S-Band telecommunication system is researched, analyzed, and chosen as the best system for establishing communication between satellite and the ground station. Application Specifications Downlink Rate Max 2.5Mbps Power RF Output .4W Power Consumption 3.4W Weight 420g Volume 190X135X22 mm3 The table above shows the specification if the Surrey Satellite S band communication system transmitter details. This has an advantage of low mass, power and data rate which completely satisfy the mission constrains. The above transmitter system also has a S-Band antenna for this transmitter which has specifications as follows.(((((((((((((((((((memo com2 // surrey satellite)))) Specifications Number of Antennas Needed 4 3dB Beamwidth  ± 35 ° Weight 80g Volume 82X82X20 mm3 Link Budget Link budget for the system S band communication system is designed considering the factor to transmitting the data rate of 40Mps within 6.5mins or 400 sec. The link budget is a process of accounting all the possible gains and losses during transmitting and receiving the signals from transmitter to receiver. The equations below are used to determine link budget: Total spacecraft received power (uplink budget) Uplink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) Total Ground Station received Power (downlink budget) Downlink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) 2.4.1 Slant Range The Slant range was calculated as follows for a 5 degree elevation angle. 2.4.2 Attenuation of the Signal The biggest contributor to the attenuation of the signal is free space loss. There are many other losses such as cable loss, polarization loss, cloud, rain, etc. The frequency used for the S-Band calculation is 2.2GHz. Atmospheric loss is caused by absorption due to such factors as oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere. Atmospheric, rain, clouds and ionosphere scintillation were assumed to be 0.5dB for 2.2GHz. Further investigation into these effects needs to be completed next semester. With X-Band the total loss due to these factors was calculated to be 0.76dB. S-Band is expected to have a much lower loss. Polarization loss was estimated from [9] 2.4.3 Calculating EIRP There will be passive losses in the equipment such as losses in the coax cables. This number was used from the previous year. Power transmitted was obtained from the specification on the Surrey transmitter as 0.4 Watts. Looking at the Co-Polar gain on Figure 2 it is seen that there is a gain of at least 0dB for angles between +/- 70 °. 2.4.4 Ground Station Antenna Gain Using an antenna that is 4.5m in diameter with efficiency of 0.55 the gain is calculated as follows: 2.4.5 Signal to Noise Calculation The signal to noise ratio will determine the Bit Error Rate (BER), as determined from the following graph [8]. From this graph it can be seen that to obtain a Bit Error Rate of 10-5 which is typical of space missions, a signal to noise ratio of 4.4 dB is needed. The Link Budget calculations will determine if the system will meet the 4.4 dB of signal to noise ratio at the ground station. System Noise is a function of temperature and was determined from table 13-25 [2]. 4.8dB is above the minimum 4.4dB theoretical signal to noise ratio required. This leaves only a 0.4dB margin which needs to be approved upon. The output RF power could easily be increased from 0.4Watts by using an amplifier, but would be at the expense of the satellite power budget. The Surrey Satellite equipment is a viable solution. Thermal Subsystem The thermal control subsystem is the integral part of the satellite design. It helps out all the components that are exposed to thermal environment are not affected badly. Thermal control subsystem accomplish safe working of all the satellite subsystems and their components by constituting a thermal model.The following process includes inputs from different subsystem of the satellite by identifying the thermal loads that will acting on them during the mission lifetime as well as their operating tempertature for the smooth running of the mission. Thermal Loads The satellite experience or exposed to thermal enviroment during gound testing, transportation, launch , orbit transfer and operational orbits. The thermal environment concerned is during its operation in space. There are four main loads acts on the satellite during its mission.(smad) Direct Solar Radiation: The main source of direct solar radiation is the Sun. It is major source of environmental heating on the satellite, it is a stable energy source and it constant to the fraction of second. The intensity of the sunlight on the earths mean distance of 1 Astronomical unit (AU) is 1367 W/m2. Earths Albedo: Albedo is the reflected sunlight reflected from earth . It is highly as it is the fraction of incident sunlight that is refected back to space. Refletivity increases over land rather than in oceans. Reflectitivy increases with decreasing local solar -elevation angle. Earths Infrared Energy: It is also refereed as blackbody radiation, all incident sunlight do not reflected back as abledo rather earth absorbs it and re-emit it as IR (infrared Energy ) or blackbody radiation. Free Molecular heating: This load is result of the bombardment of the individual molecules present in outer reaches of the atmosphere. It affects during the launch ascent of the satellite. The thermal control susbsystem is designed for a sun synchronous Low Earth Orbit at an altitutde of 700km and at an inclination of 98.19 degrees.The main aspect in designing the thermal control system is to first define the worst case hot (maximum loads) and worst case cold (minimum loads ) acting on the satellite in the orbit and the opertonal temperature operational and survival temperature of each component installted

Columbine Film Review :: essays research papers

Bowling for Columbine: The Media’s Falsity A common theme throughout Michael Moore’s documentary, Bowling for Columbine, is the fact that the media is able to produce fallacies and fear in the American public. Michael Moore says, â€Å"American media is being pumped with fear†. As Americans, we are bombarded with media everyday through televisions, magazines, and radio. But most of us do not stop to ponder its effects within our culture. Fear and violence are strongly correlated, and it is amazing how the media is able to play off that fear. Everyday you can not watch the news without being exposed to violence. The media however uses violence to invoke fear and then use that fear as a manipulating and influential power. For example, isn’t it startling that most of the rapists, murderers, and criminals depicted on the news all seem to fit the same profile? Being a regular news watcher, I am appalled at the way the media has shaped our minds into believing that all law offenders seem to be tall dark African American males between the ages of 19-25! It seems as though the nation has used this profile as a scapegoat for societal problems. Likewise, with the Columbine incident the media was desperately searching for someone or something to blame for the incident so that the public could rest a little easier. However, this desperate search for understanding usually creates more problems and not to mention stereotypes. In the case of the Columbine shooting, a favorite scapegoat among the media was Marilyn Manson. The media accused Manson as being an influential figure to the two high school shooters. To me this seemed like a cheap way out. Blaming this already controversial celebrity, was a quick answer that was easy to feed and be accepted by the American public. Manson’s reaction to this was that the president was as much to blame as he was. But of course the media would never blame the president; the public would never buy it. Just like if a picture of a 50 year old white male in a nice suit was put up to describe a raging rapist or serial killer, the public would have a much harder time accepting this image over an image of a 20 year old African American male. This solidifies the idea that the media will take anything and spin it in a way that will make it much more â€Å"believable†.

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany relied heavily on control of the mass media of communications and expression and the mighty propaganda machine played a vital role in the Nazi party. In 1933 Hitler commented that (Lee, 30) â€Å"the art of propaganda lies in understanding the emotional ideas of the great masses and finding a way to the heart of the broad masses. † Propaganda was a means to gain and keep the support of the masses and the crude and over simplified weltanschaung (psychology) projected by Nazi propaganda inspired and overwhelmed millions of Germans, promoting the ideological goals of the regime and the creation of the ‘Fuhrer myth'. Passive acceptance of the new regime was converted into active support and used to encourage Germans to pursue national socialistic goals. Through deliberate attempts to create a new social ritual, the Heil Hitler salute, Horst Wessel song and the supremacy of Militaristic uniforms were fabricated to strengthen the individuals identity with the regime. Music was carefully scrutinized and Jewish musicians such as Mendelson were removed from the list of composers, whilst special places were given to Opera's of men such as Richard Wagner as they dealt with heroic German Legends from the past. Modern art was condemned as degenerate and any war and anti nazi ideology literature were burned in the ‘burning of the books' on the 10th May 1933. Control of expression and communication is vital for a totalitarian state to be upheld and the Nazi's were successful in indoctrinating its peoples and controlling both their expression and communication. According to Kershaw a totalitarian state requires passive and isolated population who are unable to respond however Gobbels turned passive Germans into active Germans. Propaganda during the Nazi regime was totalitarian in intent, however did not fulfill a totalitarian outcome. From a cultural perspective, Nazi Germany does not fit the social attributes of a totalitarian state whereby the people of the state are a passive population. Germans were encouraged to become part of the greater Volksgemeinschat (peoples community), and this is demonstrated in the Nuremberg rallies, where over one million Germans pledged their support to the Nazi Party through their presence. â€Å"Strength of Joy† a creation company that organised concerts where people would flock together, all in support of the Nazi Regime. The emphasis on group participation in social activities infiltrated all sections of society especially the youth. Young girls form the age of fourteen joined the Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German matrons and boys were encouraged to join the â€Å"Hitler Jugend. † Hitler youth had a membership of 3 500 000 14-18 year olds, a level of voluntary participation before it became law in 1936. Social activities and education for the youth were extremely well coordinated and schools were used for the purpose of indoctrination. All subjects particularly History and Biology were influenced by both the Nazi's determinations to shape the minds of the younger generation as well as trying to achieve an Aryan Herronvolk (master race). Physical education (compromising 15% of school time), was important to encourage competition, enforce discipline and keep them young and healthy- in short pre-war training. Special schools – National Political Institute of Education- were provided for the most gifted and talented who were considered to be the future leaders of the third Reich. Despite the indoctrination of student, minority youth resistance groups still existed within the period of 1933-1942. White Rose, amongst the most effective condemned the killing of Jews as well as the ‘Swing; resistance group who opposed Hitler's beliefs that Jazz and swing music were degenerate. Both groups however were ineffective and exposing led to imprisonment or death. Despite these splinter groups, all sections of society succumbed to the Nazi's party direction for participation in both social activities and active support for the regime. The majority of the people embraced Hitler and Nazism with enthusiasm and willingness to support all of their endeavors.

How you hope to use your business school experience and education to impact society

Everything that a man wishes to happen comes at the right time and with a great purpose. My name is (insert your name here) and I wish to pursue a degree in (insert course here) at (insert name of university here). I believe that acquiring more knowledge through the JD/MBA program will make me a more competent professional in the future. I anticipate my future with success and dedicate it in giving service to other people. it is in through helping that we achieve success at its most perfect sense.By having the said degree, I will be an asset in this society because of the vast knowledge I gained from both my academic and professional society. I graduated from (insert previous name of school) with a degree in (insert previous school). I am proud to say that through hard work and perseverance, I was able to finish such course with good grades in most of my subjects. I also experienced having job in (insert name of previous job here) where I work as a (insert name of previous position h ere).In this fast changing world, having one degree makes an individual lesser competent than those who posses masters degree. I believe that once I finished the JD/MBA program, I will have greater opportunities to be in a good paying job in the future. Clients will respect me more once they knew that I understand both the realms of business and justice. It will also give me chances of creating my own company so that I can help and serve people.It is one way of showing my gratitude to the university where I came from because I will make them proud because of my achievements. My business school experience is an edge among other graduates because a JD/MBA will help me make better decisions in the business world. My marketability, knowledge and flexibility are more increased because of the JD/MBA program. I can also relate with other people without disappointing them because I also acquired the right people handling and people relationship strategies from the fellowship at business sch ool.From all that has been said and done, I look forward to learning more about JD/MBA in this credible institution. I am confident that my future will be successful because I will be completing a degree in an institution that recruits only the best and finest students. I have the right knowledge because this school is armed with wide array of resources on the said field. Moreover, my skills are more enhance because I was trained by professors who are expert on this field.Having the heart of an entrepreneur, I also look at my future with great opportunities in establishing my own business. As a holder of a JD/MBA degree it is easier for me to raise capital for new business and my credibility is also increased. More people will put their trust on me because they know that I am expert on the said field. My business school experience is a great help not only in my personal growth but also in the upheaval of the society.

Quotes From A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

Quotes From 'A Farewell to Arms' by Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway that was first published in 1929. The books popularity contributed to Hemingways status as an American legend in literature. Hemingway drew from his wartime experiences to tell the story of Frederic Henry, a volunteer in the Italian army. The novel follows his love affair with  Catherine Barkley as the first World War rages in Europe. Here are some memorable quotes from the book: Chapter 2 I was very glad that the Austrians seemed to want to come back to the town sometime if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way. All thinking men are atheists. Chapter 3 It was all as I had left it except that now it was spring. I looked in the door of the big room and saw the major sitting at his desk, the window open and the sunlight coming into the room. He did not see me and I did not know whether to go in and report or go upstairs first and clean up. I decided to go upstairs. Chapter 4 Miss Barkley was quite tall. She wore what seemed to be a nurses uniform, was blonde and had a tawny skin and gray eyes. I thought she was very beautiful. Chapter 5 American in the Italian Army. There were racks of rockets standing to be touched off to call for help from the artillery or to signal with if the telephone wires were to be cut. You see Ive been leading a sort of a funny life. And I never even talk English. And you are so very beautiful. Were going to have a strange life. Chapter 6 I kissed her and saw that her eyes were shut. I kissed both her shut eyes. I thought she was probably a little crazy. It was all right if she was. I did not care what I was getting into. This was better than going every evening to the house for officers where the girls climbed all over you and put your cap on backwards as a sign of affection between their trips upstairs with other officers. Thank god I did not become involved with the British. Chapter 7 I went out the door and suddenly I felt lonely and empty. I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly. I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. Chapter 8 There were troops on this road and motor trucks and mules with mountain guns and as we went down, keeping to one side, and across, under a hill beyond the river, the broken houses of the little town that was to be taken. Chapter 9 I believe we should get the war over. War is not won by victory. I ate the end of my piece of cheese and took a swallow of wine. Through the other noise I heard a cough, then came the chuh-chuh-chuh-chuh- then there was a flash, as when a blast-furnace door is swung open, and a roar that started white and went red and on and on in a rushing wind. Chapter 10 I will send Miss Barkley. You are better with her without me. You are purer and sweeter. Chapter 11 Still even wounded you do not see it. I can tell. I do not see it myself but I feel it a little. I would be too happy. If I could live there and love God and serve him. You do. What you tell me about in the nights. That is not love. That is only passion and lust. When you love you wish to do things for. You wish to sacrifice for. You wish to serve. Chapter 12 The next day in the morning we left for Milan and arrived forty-eight hours later. It was a bad trip. We were sidetracked for a long time this side of Mestre and children came and peeked in. I got a little boy to go for a bottle of cognac but he came back and said he could only get grappa. When I woke I looked around. There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. I saw the big armoire, the bare walls, and two chairs. My legs in the dirty bandages, stuck straight out in the bed. I was careful not to move them. I was thirsty and I reached for the bell and pushed the button. I heard the door open and looked and it was a nurse. She looked young and pretty. Chapter 14 She looked fresh and young and very beautiful. I thought I had never seen anyone so beautiful. God knows I didnt mean to fall in love with her. Chapter 15 I have noticed that doctors who fail in the practice of medicine have a tendency to seek one anothers company and aid in consultation. A doctor who cannot take out your appendix properly will recommend you to a doctor who will be unable to remove your tonsils with success. These were such doctors. Chapter 16 I dont. I dont want anybody else to touch you. Im silly. I get furious if they touch you. When a man stays with a girl when does she say how much it costs? Chapter 17 Catherine Barkley took three days off night duty and then she came back on again. It was as though we met again after each of us had been away on a long journey. Chapter 18 She had wonderfully beautiful hair and I would lie sometimes and watch her twisting it up in the light that came in the open door and it shone even in the night as water shines sometimes just before it is really daylight. Dont make up a separate me. Chapter 19 Always I wanted to see Catherine. Its all nonsense. Its only nonsense. Im not afraid of the rain. I am not afraid of the rain. Oh, oh, God, I wish I wasnt. Chapter 20 Dont you like it better when were alone? Chapter 21 In September the first cool nights came, then the days were cool and the leaves on the trees in the park began to turn color and we knew the summer was gone. The Chicago White Sox were winning the American League pennant and the New York Giants were leading the National League.  Babe Ruth  was a pitcher then playing for Boston. The papers were dull, the news was local and stale, and the war news was all old. People have babies all the time. Everybody has babies. Its a natural thing. The coward dies a thousand deaths, the brave but one. Chapter 23 I wish we could do something really sinful. Chapter 24 I watched his face and could feel the whole compartment against me. I did not blame them. He was in the right. But I wanted the seat.  Still, no one said anything. Chapter 25 It did not feel like a homecoming. You are very good to say so. I am very tired of this war. If I was away, I do not believe I would come back. I kept this to remind me of you trying to brush away the Villa Rossa from your teeth in the morning, swearing and eating aspirin and cursing harlots. Every time I see that glass I think of you trying to clean your conscience with a toothbrush. Chapter 27 Its Germans that are attacking, one of the medical officers said. The word Germans was something to be frightened of. We did not want to have anything to do with the Germans. Chapter 28 What does she ride with me for if she doesnt like me? Chapter 30 The sides of the bridge were high and the body of the car, once on, was out of sight. But I saw the heads of the driver, the man on the seat with him, and the two men on the rear seat. They all wore German helmets. The hay smelled good and lying in a barn in the hay took away all the years in between. We had lain in hay and talked and shot sparrows with an air-rifle when they perched in the triangle cut high up in the wall of the barn. The barn was gone now and one year they had cut the hemlock woods and there were only stumps, dried tree-tops,  branches, and fire-weed where the woods had been. You could not go back. Chapter 31 You do not know how long you are in a river when the current moves swiftly. It seems a long time and it may be very short. The water was cold and in flood and many things passed that had been floated off the banks when the river rose. I was lucky to have a heavy timber to hold on to, and I lay in the icy water with my chin on the wood, holding on as easily as I could with both hands. I knew I would have to get out before they got to Mestre because they would be taking care of these guns. They had no guns to lose or forget about. I was terrifically hungry. Chapter 32 Anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation. Chapter 33 It  is now hard to leave the country but it is in no way impossible. Chapter 34 I know what sort of a mess you have gotten this girl into, youre no cheerful sight to me. If you had any shame it would be different. But youre God knows how many months gone with child and you think its a joke and  are  all smiles because your seducers come back. Youve no shame and no feelings. Often a man wishes to be alone and a girl wishes to be alone too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other, but I can truly say we never felt that. We could feel alone when we were together, alone against the others. It has only happened to me like that once. Chapter 36 I saw her white back as she took off her  night-gown  and then I looked away because she wanted me to. She was beginning to be a little big with the child and she did not want me to see her. I dressed hearing the rain on the windows. I did not have much to put in my bag. Chapter 37 I rowed all night.  Finally, my hands were so sore I could hardly close them over the oars. We were nearly smashed up on the shore several times. I kept fairly close to the shore because I was afraid of getting lost on the lake and losing time. At  Locarno, we did not have a bad time. They questioned us but they were polite because we had passports and money. I do not think they believed a word of the story and I thought it was silly but it was like a law-court. You did not want something reasonable, you wanted something technical and then stuck to it without explanations. But we had passports and we would spend the money. So they gave us provisional visas. Chapter 38 The war seemed as far away as the football games of someone elses college. But I knew from the papers that they were still fighting in the mountains because the snow would not come. She makes  little  trouble. The doctor says beer will be good for me and keep her small. I do. I wish Id had it to be like you. I wish Id stayed with all your girls so we could make fun of them to you. Chapter 40 When there was a good day we had a splendid time and we never had a bad time. We knew the baby was very close now and it gave us both a feeling as though something were hurrying us and we could not lose any time together. Chapter 41 I will eat from a tray in the next room, the doctor said, You can call me any moment. While the time passed I watched him eat, then, after a while, I saw that he was lying down and smoking a cigarette. Catherine was getting very tired. I thought Catherine was dead. She looked dead. Her face was gray, the part of it that I could see. Down below, under the light, the doctor was sewing up the great long, force-spread, thick-edged wound. I sat down on the chair in front of a table where there were nurses reports hung on clips at the side and looked out of the window. I could see nothing but the dark and the rain falling across the light from the windows. So that was it. The baby was dead. It seems she had one hemorrhage after another. They couldnt stop it. I went into the room and stayed with Catherine until she died. She was unconscious all the time, and it did not take her very long to die. But after I got them to leave and shut the door and turned off the light it wasnt any good. It was like saying good-bye to a statue. After a  while, I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.