Money and Banking Free Essays

Money and Banking Free Essays Chapter5 4. Explain why you would be more or less willing to buy long-term ATT bonds under the following circumstances: a. Trading in these bonds increases, making them easier to sell. We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now More, because if it is easier to sell bond this means that liquidity of bonds increase. b. You expect a bear market in stocks(stock prices are expected to decline) More because these bonds’s expected return will increase compared to stocks. . Brokerage commission on stocks fall Less because the decrease in brokerage commissions on stocks makes them more liquid. d. You expect interest rates to rise Less because when interest rates increase the expected return decreases. e. Brokerage commission on bonds fall. More because the decrease in brokerage commissions on bonds makes bond more liquid. 7. Using both the liquidity preference framework and the supply and demand for bonds framework, show shy interest rates are procyclical If the economy is growing there is a business cycle expansion witch will result to a increase in supply of bonds this means that the supply curve will shift to the right if this happens there will be a new equilibrium point and if everything is constant the new equilibrium point will be lower witch means that price of a bond will decrease and the interest rate will increase. If the economy grows the first effect we can see Is that the income will increase. When income increases the demand for money will increase shifting the demand curve to the right if every thing else is constant this will mean that the equilibrium point will change thus moving up and showing an increase in interest rate. 9. Find the â€Å"Credit Markets† column in the Wall Street Journal. Underline the statement in the column that explain bond price movements, and draw the appropriate supply and demand diagrams that support these statement. The column describes how the price of treasury bonds rose when the stock market faltered. The higher relative expected returns on bonds would then cause the quantity demanded to rise each price, shifting the demand curve to the right. The outcome is a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in interest rates. Massive amount of supply of bonds is set to enter the market over the next month. The increase in supply would shift the supply curve to the right, causing the equilibrium price to fall. How to cite Money and Banking, Papers

Money and Banking Free Essays

Money and Banking Free Essays Chapter5 4. Explain why you would be more or less willing to buy long-term ATT bonds under the following circumstances: a. Trading in these bonds increases, making them easier to sell. We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now More, because if it is easier to sell bond this means that liquidity of bonds increase. b. You expect a bear market in stocks(stock prices are expected to decline) More because these bonds’s expected return will increase compared to stocks. . Brokerage commission on stocks fall Less because the decrease in brokerage commissions on stocks makes them more liquid. d. You expect interest rates to rise Less because when interest rates increase the expected return decreases. e. Brokerage commission on bonds fall. More because the decrease in brokerage commissions on bonds makes bond more liquid. 7. Using both the liquidity preference framework and the supply and demand for bonds framework, show shy interest rates are procyclical If the economy is growing there is a business cycle expansion witch will result to a increase in supply of bonds this means that the supply curve will shift to the right if this happens there will be a new equilibrium point and if everything is constant the new equilibrium point will be lower witch means that price of a bond will decrease and the interest rate will increase. If the economy grows the first effect we can see Is that the income will increase. When income increases the demand for money will increase shifting the demand curve to the right if every thing else is constant this will mean that the equilibrium point will change thus moving up and showing an increase in interest rate. 9. Find the â€Å"Credit Markets† column in the Wall Street Journal. Underline the statement in the column that explain bond price movements, and draw the appropriate supply and demand diagrams that support these statement. The column describes how the price of treasury bonds rose when the stock market faltered. The higher relative expected returns on bonds would then cause the quantity demanded to rise each price, shifting the demand curve to the right. The outcome is a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in interest rates. Massive amount of supply of bonds is set to enter the market over the next month. The increase in supply would shift the supply curve to the right, causing the equilibrium price to fall. How to cite Money and Banking, Papers

Health Literacy Hospitals and Clinics

Question: Discuss about theHealth Literacy for Hospitals and Clinics. Answer: Introduction Health literacy is vital for each and every person because everyone at in their lives needs to use, find, or understand various health services and related information. To take care of ones own health is an important part of life, and do not only include visits to doctors, hospitals, or clinics. To make necessary and right decisions related to health, it is very important for an individual to have the knowledge and understanding of the information related to the health. Health literacy is one of the tools that can help the individual to protect and prevent various health related problems and its better management (Narang, Sen, Shukla, 2013). Health literacy can be defined as the extent to which each individual possess the ability to obtain, processing, and understanding the basic information related to the health and the healthcare services for making valid and right health decisions. Various studies have shown that the limited or lack of health literacy is related to a wide range o f various adverse outcomes related to the health, which also includes decreased utilization of preventive health care services, increased potentials of mortality and hospitalization, and poor disease related results for specific chronic health conditions (Mosadeghrad, 2014). Hence, this essay will include the importance of health literacy, various factors affecting it, the relation between effective communication and health literacy, and its importance in a multicultural health environment. Health Literacy can be described as the social and cognitive skills that determine the ability and motivation of the persons to understand, gain access, and utilize the information in a manner that helps in maintaining and promoting the good health of the individuals. Hence, by improving the individuals access to the various health-related information, as well as, their capacity of utilizing it in an effective way, health literacy tends to be very critical and important to the empowerment ("WHO | Track 2: Health literacy and health behavior", 2016). Being capable of understanding health-related information and making decisions based on that available information is very important to the well-being of an individual. Studies have found a relation between poor outcomes of health and low literacy. Therefore, health literacy is very important for better health as it helps the individuals to understand and utilize the health related information for the better management of their health. Th ere are a various individual, health professional, as well as, health system factors, which influence and impacts the health literacy. Where individual factors include health knowledge, literacy skills, experience, educational level, age, and demographics culture (Hester, 2008). The health care system and the professional factors involve communication and dissemination of the healthcare services, access to the healthcare resources and services, as well as, skills, experience, and knowledge of the healthcare professionals. As health literacy is very important for effective outcomes related to the health, it is very important to important the health literacy. To increase the health literacy of the nation a collaborative and multi-sectoral effort is required. Practices related to the clear communication skills, as well as, removal of the barriers related to the literacy are important steps for improving the health literacy. By means of proper and accurate delivery of the health-related information, one can promote the culture and environment of the effective health literacy for the improvement of the health of each and every individual and the community (Finn O'Fallon, 2015). Communication is the most important and necessary tool for the provision of better and effective care to the patient and improving the satisfaction of the patient in a healthcare system and setting. Effective communication can be described as the communication, which successfully and clearly delivered, received, as well as, understood. Effective communication is very important in the healthcare system as it impacts the quality of the therapeutic relationships between the patient and a healthcare professional, provide job satisfaction, as well as, have a great influence on the safety of the patient. Studies have shown that the ability of the healthcare profession to listen, explain, and empathize lay a profound impact on the functional and biological health-related outcomes, and to the satisfaction of the patient and his/her experience of healthcare provision (Bearne, 2003). Moreover, effective communication between the physician and the patient helps in regulating the emotions of the patient, facilitate the process of delivery of the medical information, as well as, enables better recognition of the needs, expectations, and perceptions of the patient. The nature, as well as, quality of the effective communication within a health care setting are affected by a broad range of various factors, like socioeconomic factors, literacy factors, behavioral factors, and cultural factors, which also includes various work based factors and policy (Babatunde, 2013). Cultural, as well as, social structures, like religion, race, education, language, economic status, and ethnicity status are the major contributors towards the well-being and health of the individuals. A wide range of cultural diversity is represented by the patients. The increase in the demographic variation of the populations in several countries needs an approach and process for effective management of the complexity related to the difference of sociocultural factors. The health care settings quality is the result of cooperation developed between the healthcare professional and the patient in an effective and supportive environment. Various personal factors related to the patient and the healthcare professional, as well as, factors related to the organization, the healthcare setting and the system impact the quality of the healthcare services (Mosadeghrad, 2014). It has been observed that the individuals whose first language is different and is not English faces more trouble in un derstanding the health information that is in English in comparison to the individuals who speak English. In the year of 2006, it was observed that around three million people in Australia spoke English as their second language in between the age groups of 15-74 years. About only one-quarter of this population possess adequate health literacy in comparison to the 44% of the population whose first language was English (abs.gov.au). The relationship amongst poor health and limited or low health literacy are somehow related to the poor quality of communication within the health care setting and delivery of the healthcare services (Wynia Osborn, 2010). In general, the health literacy and effective communication are considered to be interrelated with each other but have different concepts. Where effective communication is an exchange of information, health literacy is the utilization of various abilities and skills by the individual. The communication between the patient and the physician is considered to be an important and fundamental characteristic of the medical care. However, research has found that the patients generally have trouble in understanding the instructions regarding medical information from the physicians. Physicians generally utilize medical jargon without confirming the understanding of the discussion by the patient and even deliver a vast amount of information in a single time. As a result of t he medical encounter, it has been observed that the patients generally remember half or even less of the information explained by the physician and may be uncertain regarding the steps to be taken next. Hence, it has been clear that a reduced health literacy attributes towards the communication gap existing between the patients and the physicians (Kripalani Weiss, 2006). The language or terminology used by the health care professionals for communication with the patients tend to be a barrier in the cases where patients have inadequate or low health literacy. Moreover, research has also shown that the use of medical terms by the physicians in combination with the inadequate health vocabulary of the patient leads to the confusing and inadequate communication between the patient and the physician. As the health literacy, as well as, the effective communication interrelated to each other, it is very important to assess the health literacy of the patient for development of the better an d effective communication and relationship with the patient (Hester, 2008). Effective communication is very important and is the foundation of the efficient health care. It is very important for providing and delivering good health services, health-related information, and for achieving a high level of satisfaction of the patient. However, it has been observed that the patients who have low health literacy often fails to understand the information provided to them by the physicians (Babatunde, 2013). Hence, health literacy is very important for developing effective communication, as well as, therapeutic relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional. It is very important for having effective communication with the patient, his/her level of health literacy is fully assessed. It has been observed that the link between the poor health and the low health literacy can be the result of the poor quality of the communication within the organizations involved in the delivery of the health care services. Therefore, for effective communication with th e low health literacy patients requires the ability to recognize and identifying the problem and the level of the health literacy of the patient, thereby, creating a patient-centered health care environment for better understanding and knowledge of the patient (Hester, 2008). Although various healthcare professionals have a general conception that instructions and explanations provided them to the patients, as well as, their families are completely understood, but in truth, this information is mostly misunderstood, and in some case even result in the serious errors. The common reason behind misunderstanding these health related instructions and information may be due to the fewer skills of the patient related to the health literacy. Therefore, health literacy is very important for having effective communication with the patient (Bearne, 2003). Today the healthcare professionals are involved in the provision of the healthcare services, education, as well as, case management related information and instructions to a diverse population of the patient, which is challenged by a triad of various barriers related to the linguistic, cultural, and health literacy parameters. The culturally based values, beliefs, and preferences that an individual holds impacts the interpretation of the messages and information related to the healthcare by the individual. Due to the diverse cultural diversities, the disparities in the health literacy can occur. Culture, as well as, language impacts the way the patients apply and acquire their skills in various health situations. Hence, addressing the critical and interactive and health literacy requirements of a population of the patients presents a complex and varied set of issues and problems for both the researchers and the health providers (Bosworth, 2010). Understanding the level of the health literacy of the patient needs an assessment and clear understanding of the cultural norms and the linguistic skills of the patient, as well as, integration of the cultural norms and skills into the strategies related to the health literacy for the healthcare plan of the patient. The issues and barriers in developing effective communication due to the poor health literacy of the patient can be related to the cultural differences between the healthcare professional and the patient. The challenges related to the low health literacy, as well as, cultural differences restricts the development of the effective communication and are most likely found to be increased with the increasing and expanding diverse population (Lie, Carter-Pokras, Braun, Coleman, 2012). Moreover, other issues related to the low health literacy is the differences in the ethnicity and race of the patients, and different health disparities causing due to various mechanisms and process of poor adherence and understand ing by the patient, and due to the limited access and acquiring of the health care services (Bosworth, 2010). Health literacy is observed to be the basic fundamental requirement for the high and effective quality of the healthcare, as well as, for the good health of the patients. Low health literacy can lead to the vulnerability of the patient and can lead to the inequity and disparities in the health care. Addressing and describing the health literacy is the means of empowering the patients to be capable enough of making their decisions, as well as, for taking appropriate steps and action related to their health and the information of the health care, thus, contributing towards a high quality and safe healthcare system (Finn O'Fallon, 2015). As it is clear that low health literacy results in poor outcomes related to the health of the patient, addressing and describing the health literacy in the most appropriate and coordinated manner needs the focus to increase the health literacy levels of the individuals, as well as, making required changes and variations to the healthcare environments h ealth literacy. Direct communication related to the diseases and other health related issues, targeting the population with low literacy skills, application of the various health literacy related design standards and principles by the health professionals involving the health-related services and information are few ways of increasing the health literacy of the individuals (Bosworth, 2010). Health care providers play an important role in improving the health literacy of the patient and should work in collaboration with each other for developing required skills with the patients for better understanding and utilization of the information and instructions provided by them to the patients. Efforts should be made in educating the health literacy in the most effective way that can be gained by each and every individual, thereby, improving the health outcomes of the individuals. References Australian Social Trends, June 2009. (2009). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20June+2009 Babatunde, O. (2013). Importance of Effective Communication in Public Organisations.ISS,3(2), 78. Bearne, E. (2003). Rethinking literacy: communication, representation and text.Literacy,37(3), 98-103. Bosworth, H. (2010). Challenges and strategies to improve patient health literacy and competencies.PI, 19. Finn, S. O'Fallon, L. (2015). The Emergence of Environmental Health LiteracyFrom Its Roots to Its Future Potential.Environ Health Perspect. Hester, E. (2008). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Health Literacy and Social Communication Skills in Older Adults.Communication Disorders Quarterly,30(2), 112-119. Kripalani, S. Weiss, B. (2006). Teaching about health literacy and clear communication.J Gen Intern Med,21(8), 888-890. Lie, D., Carter-Pokras, O., Braun, B., Coleman, C. (2012). What Do Health Literacy and Cultural Competence Have in Common? Calling for a Collaborative Health Professional Pedagogy.Journal Of Health Communication,17(sup3), 13-22. Mosadeghrad, A. (2014). Factors Influencing Healthcare Service Quality.International Journal Of Health Policy And Management,3(2), 77-89. Narang, S., Sen, B., Shukla, A. (2013). Information Literacy, Health Literacy, Health Information Literacy-What are they about?.Lib. Her.,51(4), 323. WHO | Track 2: Health literacy and health behaviour. (2016).Who.int. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/7gchp/track2/en/ Wynia, M. Osborn, C. (2010). Health Literacy and Communication Quality in Health Care Organizations.Journal Of Health Communication,15(sup2), 102-115.

The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today The Lessons of the Past That Will Guide People into the Future

Abstract This paper deals with the effect of the Gettysburg Address on the United States of the present days. Despite the fact that the era in which the Gettysburg Address was written is gone, as well as the American people whom the speech was intended for, its legacy still lives on.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today: The Lessons of the Past That Will Guide People into the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While Lincoln obviously intended the speech for the soldiers and their families, i.e., the people who had witnessed the Civil War, the ideas that the Gettysburg Address incorporates are still topical for the modern American citizens. However, some of the ideas conveyed by Lincoln in the Address can be interpreted in a different way nowadays. Introduction: Embarking onto a Time Machine Being future-oriented is important, but sometimes it is necessary to t ake a retrospective on some of the historical events to make sure that valuable lessons from previous experiences are learned and none of the past mistakes are repeated. Since even today, in the realm of democracy of the United States, certain political and social remain unresolved, one of the greatest and the most memorable speeches of all times, the Gettysburg Address, deserves taking a closer look at. Understanding what the latter means for the modern society will help solve some of the issues on the United States’ agenda. What Gettysburg Address Meant back in 1863 Before going any further, it is essential to evaluate the meaning of the Gettysburg Address on the people of 1863. Despite the fact that not a single word of the Gettysburg Address has been changed, for the modern people, it means something other than for those whom this speech was intended first for. Taking a look back in time will allow to see what Lincoln tried to convey in his message to the American people. First and foremost, the Gettysburg Address touched upon the key principles of democracy and â€Å"a new birth of freedom† (Elmore, 2009, 40). In addition, the speech addressed the idea of nation’s identity and integrity: â€Å"The metaphor of birth and rebirth is the unifying metaphor of the Gettysburg Address† (Elmore, 2009, 40). The last and the most important segment of the Gettysburg Address concerned the grief of those whom the war had taken their family members or beloved ones from, reassuring that â€Å"†¦ a nation torn by civil war could restore itself† (Elmore, 2009, 42). Expressing his concern and empathy, Lincoln managed to make the Gettysburg Address the most powerful and inspiring speech in the history of the United States.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today Of course, for modern people, th e Gettysburg Speech means not exactly what it did for the XIX century America. Now that the threat for the nation to be torn apart is no longer in existence, the Gettysburg Address has turned into a guide into the brave new world of future. With the help of the democratic principles that are established in the Gettysburg Address, people will be able to see how much democracy has progressed. Moreover, the Gettysburg Address shows the necessity to put a stop to often occurring instances of discrimination. It is obvious, however, that in the modern settings, the Gettysburg Address cannot be interpreted in the same was it was in 1864. Nowadays, the speech must be considered through the lens of the present-day reality. With new developments and new challenges to face, the postulates of the Gettysburg Address can gain a new shade of meaning. The meaning of the Gettysburg Address in the context of peacetime Needless to mention, the Gettysburg Address was meant for the people who knew the p rice of the terrible bloodbath that the Civil War was. Lincoln obviously addressed the people who knew what it was like to lose, which means that the people of 1864 took the speech much more personally and quite literally. Therefore, the mentioning of the thousands of dead soldiers does not bring the audience to tears; it rather reminds of their obvious duty to respect other ethnicities’ rights. New epoch, new challenges: on the existing types of discrimination It might seem that it has been quite a while since the principles of democracy have been established for people to have any sort of racial prejudice discriminate against other ethnicities. However, according to the existing records, over the past few years, discrimination is still an issue in the United States: according to the data offered by Ferber, in 2000s, the motivation behind 82% of hate crimes in the USA was race (Ferber, 2012). Therefore, Gettysburg Address, which proclaimed equality and democracy, still bears its initial purpose of guiding people towards creating a democratic society. The Gettysburg Address in advent of the new type of society Speaking of the way people’s attitude towards the Gettysburg Address has changed, one must mention that the speech was written and performed in a completely different epoch; moreover, it was witnessed by a different kind of society. To be more exact, the gap between the industrial society of the XIX century and the post-industrial one that people live now in is quite tangible. However, there are certain similarities between these two society types; each of them are driven by technological progress, and each aim at establishing equality as their guiding principle.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today: The Lessons of the Past That Will Guide People into the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What Might Stand in the Way : Overcoming the Possible Obstacles While fighting for the rights of the people who are discriminated against is very noble, not all members of the modern American society may accept the ideas of Gettysburg Address easily. There are several reasons for people to perceive the Gettysburg Address in a wrong way, and these reasons need to be discussed. Corruption of power and the related threats It might be argued that the ideals of the modern society are not the same as the ones of the 1864 and that there are traces of corruption in the government (Genovese Farrar-Myers, 2010). In fact, some historians tend to consider Lincoln’s speech a kind of a manipulative tool as well: â€Å"Many responded to the address as a political tool of Lincoln’s troubled presidency† (Olson, 2004, 38). Therefore, some people might believe that modern society is far too corrupted to be changed into a more democratic one. Urgent economical an financial issues to solve Finally, the signif icance of the postulates that the Gettysburg Address set can be somewhat blurred in the light of the current economical and financial issues. However, it is important to remember that social integrity and justice are especially significant when the state faces crisis. No matter what issues a state might face, justice in relationships between its citizens must remain the key priority, which the Gettysburg Address proclaims. Conclusion: The Words That Make an Everlasting Impact Even though it has been quite a while since the last word of the Gettysburg Address rang, the significance of the message that Lincoln conveyed to the American nation still remains just as high, and his democratic legacy lives on. Lincoln helped the American nation find their identity, and in the XXI century, it is the task of the citizens of the USA to follow the postulates of the Gettysburg Address in the new settings. Reference List Elmore, A. E. (2009). Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: Echoes of the Bib le and Book of Common Prayer. Carbondale, IL: SIU. Ferber, A. L. (2012). Home-grown hate: Gender and organized racism. New York, NY: Routledge. Genovese, M. A. Farrar-Myers, V. A. (2010). Corruption and American politics. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Olson, S. P. (2004). Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: A primary source investigation. New York, NY: Rosen Publishing Group. This term paper on The Significance of the Gettysburg Address Today: The Lessons of the Past That Will Guide People into the Future was written and submitted by user Selene to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample of APA Essay - Learn How to Use Them Effectively

Sample of APA Essay - Learn How to Use Them EffectivelyIf you are submitting an APA essay, you may be asking yourself whether or not to use a sample of APA essay. I can say with certainty that if you use a sample of APA essay, you will find that it is easier to understand and apply the material to your own assignment. The reason for this is because you are given a lot of material to understand, rather than having to spend time re-writing and rewriting your essay.When you prepare for the oral exam, there is only one question that is on your mind, and that is how do I express myself in my assignment? You would be surprised at the number of students who cannot answer this question. Therefore, if you make use of a sample of APA essay, you will see that it makes the process much easier. However, even when you do decide to use a sample of APA essay, be sure that you use it correctly.To get the most out of a sample of APA essay, you must use it as it was meant to be used. In other words, yo u will be using it in a way that really helps you express yourself in a clear, concise manner. For example, if you are writing about abstract theories, you will want to include facts and figures that help you make your point clearly. However, if you are writing about something that has concrete information attached to it, you will want to utilize an objective statement to help you make your point.If you can think of an example of APA essay that seems to be particularly clear, logical, and to the point, then I would like to suggest you go ahead and use it. When you do this, you will find that you are giving yourself a better chance at answering the questions that will be asked during the oral exam. Even if you have taken a few different APA assignments, you will want to make sure that you are using the correct one.Well, this is a big thing. We all know that the oral exam is based on questions that the students have to answer. Therefore, you want to be sure that you are answering the questions that they are presenting. When you use a sample of APA essay, you are giving yourself a better chance of answering the questions that will be asked by the auditor.The more you know about the topic, the better off you will be. Therefore, even if you cannot think of a question that you might answer, simply ask your teacher or advisor if you can give him a few examples. This is a great idea, especially since most of the time, you will be given two or three different APA assignments. Therefore, there will be situations where you will need to use two or three different samples of APA essay. Therefore, even if you cannot think of a particular question, you will want to use the ones that are appropriate to your particular assignment.By simply asking your instructor, you will discover that many times he will provide you with a few examples. Therefore, even if you can't think of a question, you will want to use an example. It is important to keep in mind that the test is based on q uestions that the students are going to have to answer, and if you can use an example, you will be able to express yourself in a more clear, concise manner.

Geographical and Historical Overview of Poland

Geographical and Historical Overview of Poland Poland is a country located in central Europe to the east of Germany. It lies along the Baltic Sea and today has a growing economy centered on industry and the service sector. Population: 38,482,919 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: WarsawArea: 120,728 square miles (312,685 sq km)Bordering Countries: Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, UkraineCoastline: 273 miles (440 km)Highest Point: Rysy at 8,034 feet (2,449 m)Lowest Point: Raczki Elblaskie at -6.51 feet (-2 m) History of Poland The first people to inhabit Poland were the Polanie from southern Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 10th century, Poland became Catholic. Shortly thereafter, Poland was invaded by Prussia and divided. Poland remained divided among many different peoples until the 14th century. At this time it grew due to a union by marriage with Lithuania in 1386. This created a strong Polish-Lithuanian state. Poland maintained this unification until the 1700s when Russia, Prussia and Austria again divided the country several times. By the 19th century however, the Polish had a revolt due to the foreign control of the country and in 1918, Poland became an independent nation after World War I. In 1919, Ignace Paderewski became Polands first prime minister. During World War II, Poland was attacked by Germany and Russia and in 1941 it was taken over by Germany. During Germanys occupation of Poland much of its culture was destroyed and there were mass executions of its Jewish citizens. In 1944, the government of Poland was replaced with the communist Polish Committee of National Liberation by the Soviet Union. The Provisional Government was then established in Lublin and members of Polands former government later joined to form the Polish Government of National Unity. In August 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin, and Britains Prime Minister Clement Attlee worked to shift Polands borders. On August 16, 1945, the Soviet Union and Poland signed a treaty which shifted Polands borders west. In total Poland lost 69,860 square miles (180,934 square kilometers) in the east and in the west it gained 38,986 square miles (100,973 square kilometers). Until 1989, Poland maintained a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1980s, Poland also experienced a large amount of civil unrest and strikes by industrial workers. In 1989, the trade union Solidarity was granted permission contest government elections and in 1991, under the first free elections in Poland, Lech Walesa became the countrys first president. Government of Poland Today Poland is a democratic republic with two legislative bodies. These bodies are the upper Senate or Senat and a lower house called the Sejm. Each of the members for these legislative bodies are elected by the public. Polands executive branch consists of a chief of state and a head of government. The chief of state is the president, while the head of government is the prime minister. The legislative branch of Polands government is the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal. Poland is divided into 16 provinces for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Poland Poland currently has a successfully growing economy and has practiced a transition to more economic freedom since 1990. The largest economies in Poland are machine building, iron, steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages and textiles. Poland also has a large agricultural sector with products that include potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat, poultry, eggs, pork and dairy products. Geography and Climate of Poland Most of Polands topography is low lying and makes up a part of the North European Plain. There are many rivers throughout the country and the largest is Vistula. The northern part of Poland has a more varied topography and features many lakes and hilly areas. Polands climate is temperate with cold, wet winters and mild, rainy summers. Warsaw, Polands capital, has an average January high temperature of 32 F (0.1 C) and a July average high of 75 F (23.8 C). More Facts about Poland Polands life expectancy is 74.4 years The literacy rate in Poland is 99.8 percent Poland is 90 percent Catholic Resources and Further Reading Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, April 22). CIA - The World Factbook - Poland. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.htmlInfoplease (n.d.) Poland: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107891.htmlUllman, H.F. 1999. Geographica World Atlas Encyclopedia. Random House Australia.United States Department of State. (2009, October). Poland (10/09). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm

Spanish Words Without a One-Word English Equivalent

Spanish Words Without a One-Word English Equivalent Here are some Spanish words for which there is no good one-word English equivalent: Amigovio/amigovia This word is fairly new and has various meanings dependent on context, but it often refers to a live-in girlfriend or boyfriend, or a friend with benefits. Katrina era mi amigovia, pero desde que estoy con Belà ©n no la vi ms. (Katrina was my friend with benefits, but since Ive been with Belà ©n I dont see her any more.) Anteayer The day before yesterday, formed by combining ante (before) and ayer (yesterday). Ese es el restaurante al que fuimos anteayer. (That is the restaurant we went to the day before yesterday.) Aprovechar Although this verb can often be translated simply as to use, it often carries a strong connotation of getting the most out of something. No pude aprovechar de la piscina del hotel porque prefiero la playa. (I couldnt take advantage of the hotels swimming pool because I prefer the beach.) Bimestre As a noun, a bimestre is a period of two months. El ahorro en un bimestre fue de 2,500 euros. (There was a savings of 2,500 euros in two months.) As an adjective, bimestre means bimonthly (every two months). Cacerolazo A type of protest in which participants bang on pots and pans. Los cacerolazos comenzaron ayer temprano en Buenos Aires. (The pots-and-pans protest began early yesterday in Buenos Aires.) Centenar A group of 100. The word is often used as an approximation for a large group. Un centenar de inmigrantes de origen subsahariano han intentado saltar la valla de Melilla. (About 100 sub-Saharan immigrants have tried to jump the fence at Melilla.) Concuado/concuada Someone married to a sibling of your spouse is a concuà ±ado or concuà ±ada. La esposa del hermano de mi esposa is mi concuà ±ada. My wifes brothers wife is my concuà ±ada. Consuegro/consuegra If you have a child, his or her spouses parents are your consuegros. For example, your sons wifes mother would be your consuegra. No sà © si mi consuegra es mi amiga or mi enemiga. (I dont know if my childs spouses mother is friend or foe.) Decena Just as a docena is a dozen or group of 12, a decena is a group of 10. Puedes comprar flores por decena. (You can buy flowers 10 at a time.) Desvelarse This reflexive verb refers to not getting sufficient sleep. Cuando nos desvelamos, el cuerpo obtiene energà ­a de una fuente ms accesible: la comida. (When we dont get enough sleep, the body gets energy from the most accessible source: food.) Someone who is sleep-deprived is desvelado. Empalagar To be excessively sweet, either literally (as of some candy) or figuratively (as with personality). Te voy a enseà ±ar mi receta particular, por causa de que la original me empalaga. (Im going to send you my own recipe, because the original is too sweet for me.) Entrecejo The area above the nose, below the forehead and between the eyebrows. Quiero quitarme sin dolor los pelos del entrecejo. (I want to painlessly remove the hairs between my eyebrows.) Estrenar To wear, use, perform or display something for the first time. Estrenà © las zapatillas que mi marido me habà ­a regalado. (For the first time, I put on the slippers that my husband had given me.) A noun form, estreno, can refer to a movie or play premiere or similar events. Friolento Sensitive to cold. Era friolento y se cubrà ­a los hombros con un suà ©ter. (She was sensitive to the cold and covered her shoulders with a sweater.) Friolero has the same meaning. Estadounidense From or of the United States. American is a common equivalent but is sometimes ambiguous as it can also refer to someone or something from the Americas. La cultura estadounidense est construida por la clase media. (U.S. culture was built by the middle class.) Internauta Internet user. Internauta is not capitalized and can be masculine or feminine. El acceso a Internet para la poblacià ³n mexicana representa al menos 55.3 millones de internautas. (Internet access for the Mexican population is available to at least 55.3 million Internet users.) Manco Having one arm, either from birth or as an amputee. Un dà ­a conocà ­ una muchacha manca. (One day I met a one-armed girl.) Quincena This is a period of 15 days or two weeks. British English has fortnight, which is seldom used in American English. Esta quincena es la ms tranquila del aà ±o en Pamplona. (This two-week period is the quietest of the year in Pamplona.) The word can also refer to the 15th of the month, when many workers in some countries get paid. Sobremesa After-meal conversation, from sobre (over) and mesa (table). Con poco tiempo para la sobremesa volvemos a la carretera. (With little time to chat after eating, we went back to the highway.) Trasnochar To stay up all night or put in an all-nighter. Nos trasnochbamos jugando juegos como Islander y Super Mario. (We would stay up all night playing games such as Islander and Super Mario.) Tuerto Having only one eye, or seeing with only one eye. Se llama Pirata por ser tuerto. (He was called Pirate because he had one eye.) Tutear To speak to someone using tà º, the familiar form of you. A cultural equivalent might be to speak with someone on a first-name basis. Nunca habà ­a llegado al punto de tutear a alguien. (I never have reached the point of using tà º with someone.)